Getting a Ph.D. in Psychology

Getting a Ph.D. in Psychology Student Resources Print Getting a Ph.D. in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 16, 2019 More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Ph.D. vs. Psy.D. Job Opportunities Earning a Degree Specialty Areas Alternatives View All Back To Top Are you interested in earning your doctorate in psychology? Getting a Ph.D. in psychology can open up a whole new world of career opportunities. For many careers paths in psychology, a doctoral degree is necessary to work in that field. A Ph.D. is one option, but it is not necessarily the only educational path thats available. Ph.D. vs. Psy.D. A Ph.D., or doctor of philosophy, is one of the highest level degrees you can earn in the field of psychology. If youre considering pursuing a graduate degree, you might be wondering how long it takes to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. Generally, a bachelors degree takes four years of study. While a masters degree requires an additional two to three years of study beyond the bachelors, a doctoral degree can take between four to six years of additional graduate study after earning your bachelors degree. Recently, a relatively new degree option known as the Psy.D., or doctor of psychology, has started to grow in popularity as an alternative to the Ph.D. The type of degree you decide to pursue depends on a variety of factors including your own interests and your career aspirations. Before you decide which option is right for you, research your options and decide if a graduate school in psychology is the best choice for you. Depending on your career goals, you might need to earn a masters or doctoral degree in psychology in order to practice in your chosen field. In other instances, a degree in a similar subject such as counseling or social work may be more appropriate. Job Opportunities A doctorate in psychology is required if you want to open your own private practice. If you want to become a licensed psychologist, then you must earn either a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. in clinical or counseling psychology. In most cases, you will need this level of degree if you want to teach and conduct research at the college or university level. While there are some opportunities available for people with a masters degree in various specialty fields, such as industrial-organizational and health psychology, those with a doctorate will generally find higher pay, greater job demand, and more opportunity for growth. Earning a Degree In order to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, you need to first begin by earning your bachelors degree. While earning your undergraduate degree in psychology can be helpful, students with bachelors degrees in other subjects can also apply their knowledge to psychology Ph.D. programs. Some students may also earn a masters degree in psychology, but many doctorate programs do not require it. After you’ve been admitted to a graduate program, it generally takes at least four years to earn a Ph.D. and another year to complete an internship. Once these requirements have been fulfilled, you can take state and national exams to become licensed to practice psychology in the state where you wish to work. Specialty Areas Once you enter the graduate level of psychology, you will need to choose an area of specialization, such as clinical psychology, counseling psychology, health psychology, or cognitive psychology. The American Psychological Association (APA) accredits graduate programs in three areas: clinical, counseling, and school psychology. If you are interested in going into one of these specialty areas, its important to choose a school that has received accreditation through the APA. For many students, the choice may come down to a clinical psychology program versus a counseling psychology program. There are many similarities between these two Ph.D. options, but there are important distinctions that students should consider. Clinical programs may have more of a research focus while counseling programs tend to focus more on professional practice. The path you choose will depend largely on what you plan to do after you complete your degree. Alternatives Of course, the Ph.D. in psychology is not the only graduate degree option. The Psy.D. is a doctorate degree option that you might also want to consider. While there are many similarities between these two degrees, traditional Ph.D. programs tend to be more research-oriented while Psy.D. programs are often more practice-oriented. The Ph.D. option might be your top choice if you want to mix professional practice with teaching and research, while the Psy.D. option might be your preferred choice if you want to open your own private psychology practice. In their book  An Insiders Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology, authors John C. Norcross and Michael A. Sayette suggest that one of the key differences between the two-degree options is that the Ph.D. programs train producers of research while Psy.D. programs train consumers of research. In either case, however, professional opportunities for practice are very similar with both degree types. Research suggests that there are few discernible differences in terms of professional recognition, employment opportunities, or clinical skills between students trained in the Ph.D. or Psy.D. models. One of the few differences is that those with a Ph.D. degree are far more likely to be employed in academic settings and medical schools. Social work, counseling, education, and the health sciences are other graduate options that you may want to consider if you decide that a doctorate degree is not the best fit for your interests and career goals. A Word From Verywell If you are considering a Ph.D. in psychology, spend some time carefully researching your options and thinking about your future goals. A doctoral degree is a major commitment of time, resources, and effort, so it pays to consider which option is right for your goals. The Ph.D. in psychology can be a great choice if you are interested in being a scientist-practitioner in the field and want to combine doing research with professional practice. Its also great training if youre interested in working at a university where you would teach classes and conduct research on psychological topics. Earning a Ph.D. in psychology places you in a fairly elite group.  According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Educations National Center for Education Statistics, only around 4 percent of the 117,440 psychology degrees awarded between 2015 and 2016 were doctorates.

The Key for Gender Equality and Inequality - 5500 Words

Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Iran: The Key for Gender Equality and Inequality (Dissertation Sample) Content: Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Iran: The Key for Gender Equality and InequalityNameInstitutionSubjectInstructorDateAbstractThis dissertation paper sought to identify the sexual and reproductive rights of women in Iran. The primary aim of the study was to determine the sexual and reproductive rights of women in Iran and the gender inequalities. The researcher observed the new bills in Iran and their implications for womens rights in Iran. The study also sought to identify the relation between gender inequality and economic development. Purpose of the StudyMethodology/design/approach used for the studyThe study aimed to address issues facing the civil rights of women in Iran and the challenges facing women in Iran through qualitative and quantitative research analysis. The study adopted the use of both primary, and secondary research methods. Discourse analysis was also used as a research method to analyze language beyond the sentence level. They made the use of resp onses from two women, Shadi Sadr, and Atena Farghadani, who gave a first-hand analysis of womens rights in Iran. The interviews, case study and the secondary data adopted in the study tried to answer the research questions in the study. The research questions were; i. What are the steps that have been taken to uphold womens rights? ii. How are women fighting for their rights to ensure gender equality? iii. What other interventions have been applied by humanitarian organizations and other entities?The Study FindingsThe findings derived from the study indicate that sexual and reproductive rights are abused due to the gender inequality. The findings suggest that women have a lower status as compared to men. The study also observes that the civil rights of women in Iran are not protected by law thus no remedy provided for any violation. Additionally, the study evaluates the economic contribution of women and the link between women rights and economic development in Iran.Originality/valu e and implication of the studyThe researchers findings indicate that an evaluation of the roles of the authorities and the judiciary should be conducted to determine their responsibility for protecting the rights of women in Iran. The study presents the rights and freedoms of women and girls that are abused. The study also explores the areas that need improvement and provides a recommendation on how to improve these areas. Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609377"
Abstract  PAGEREF _Toc432609377 \h
2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609378"
List of Tables  PAGEREF _Toc432609378 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609379"
Chapter 1 Introduction and Background550 words approx. 10% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609379 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609380"
1.1 Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609380 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609381"
1.2 Background to the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609381 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609382"
1.3 Rationale (reason for the study)  PAGEREF _Toc432609382 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609383"
1.4 Aims and objectives of the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609383 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609384"
1.5 Research questions  PAGEREF _Toc432609384 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609385"
1.6 The relevance of the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609385 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609386"
1.7 Structure of the Dissertation  PAGEREF _Toc432609386 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609387"
Chapter 2 Literature review (2000 words approx. 35% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609387 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609388"
2.1. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609388 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609389"
2.2. Sexual and reproductive rights in Iran  PAGEREF _Toc432609389 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609390"
2.3. New bills on women rights in Iran  PAGEREF _Toc432609390 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609391"
2.3.1 Bill 446  PAGEREF _Toc432609391 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609392"
2.3.2 Bill 315  PAGEREF _Toc432609392 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609393"
2.4. Link between women rights and economic development  PAGEREF _Toc432609393 \h
10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609394"
2.5. Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609394 \h
11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609395"
Chapter 3 Research methods (800 words approx. 15% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609395 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609396"
3.1 Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609396 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609397"
3.2 Research purpose  PAGEREF _Toc432609397 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609398"
3.3 Research Approach adopted  PAGEREF _Toc432609398 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609399"
3.4 Qualitative vs. Quantitative study  PAGEREF _Toc432609399 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609400"
3.5 Research methods used- primary, secondary and discourse analysis research methods  PAGEREF _Toc432609400 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609401"
3.6 Data analysis  PAGEREF _Toc432609401 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_To c432609402"
3.7 Validity and reliability- triangulation  PAGEREF _Toc432609402 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609403"
3.8 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study  PAGEREF _Toc432609403 \h
14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609404"
3.9 Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609404 \h
14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609405"
Chapter 4 Data Findings and Presentation of Results (650 words approx. 15% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609405 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609406"
4.1 Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609406 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609407"
4.2 Case study results in tables based on research objectives  PAGEREF _Toc432609407 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609408"
4.3 Interview results in tables based on research objectives  PAGEREF _Toc432609408 \h
16 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609409"
4.3 Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609409 \h
18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609410"
Chapter 5 Data analysis and Discussion (1000 words approx. 30% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _To c432609410 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609411"
5.1. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609411 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609412"
5.2. Overview  PAGEREF _Toc432609412 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609413"
5.3. Discussion of the specific objectives  PAGEREF _Toc432609413 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609414"
5.4. Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609414 \h
21 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609415"
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations (500 words approx. 10% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609415 \h
22 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609416"
6.1. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609416 \h
22 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609417"
6.2. Conclusions  PAGEREF _Toc432609417 \h
22 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609418"
6.3. Implications of the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609418 \h
23 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609419"
6.4. Recommendations  PAGEREF _Toc432609419 \h
23 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609420"
Appendices  PAGEREF _Toc432609420 \h
24 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609421"
Appendix 1: Interview Questions  PAGEREF _Toc432609421 \h
24 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609422"
Responses  PAGEREF _Toc432609422 \h
24 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609423"
References  PAGEREF _Toc432609423 \h
25List of Tables TOC \h \z \c "Table"  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609424"
Table 1: Case Study Results  PAGEREF _Toc432609424 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609425"
Table 2: Main Problem Facing Women in Iran  PAGEREF _Toc432609425 \h
16 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609426"
Table 3: Sexual and Reproductive Women Rights That Are Abused  PAGEREF _Toc432609426 \h
16 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609427"
Table 4: Domestic Violence  PAGEREF _Toc432609427 \h
17 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609428"
Table 5: Interventions on women's rights  PAGEREF _Toc432609428 \h
18Total maximum word count 5500 words 20 pages (double spaced, 275 words per page)Style: HarvardUS EnglishIntroduction and Background550 words approx. 10% of total Word count)IntroductionAccording to Boe (2015) the fre edoms and rights of women in Iran have been repressed over the years, particularly sexual and reproductive rights. Gender inequality is a common case particularly in family law cases, divorce, and transmission of nationality. Women in Iran face discrimination at all levels including in civil and criminal laws. The authorities victimize protestors against the discriminatory laws by accusing them of crimes against national security (Boe 2015).Background to the studyIn the early 20th century, the minimum age for marriage was 13 years. Cases of forced marriages are very common in Iran for girls aged between 10-14 years (Friedl and Afkhami 1994). The oppression of women began at a very tender age. Criminal liability of women began from the age of nine years, six years earlier than boys. Similarly, women face unequal treatment within the Islamic law as compared to their male counterparts (Friedl and Afkhami 1994). Rationale (reason for the study)This dissertation is relevant to expose the gender disparity and the social discrimination facing women in Iran and other middle-east countries. The study also indicates the struggle that the women of Iran have gone through in the fight for their rights (Shahidian 2002). Additionally, the study provides information on the new sexual laws introduced by the government and their impacts on womens rights in Iran.Aims and objectives of the studyThe objectives of this research are:To determine the gender inequalities in IranTo identify the sexual and reproductive rights of women in IranTo understand the link between womens rights and economic developmentResearch questionsThis dissertation... The Key for Gender Equality and Inequality - 5500 Words Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Iran: The Key for Gender Equality and Inequality (Dissertation Sample) Content: Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Iran: The Key for Gender Equality and InequalityNameInstitutionSubjectInstructorDateAbstractThis dissertation paper sought to identify the sexual and reproductive rights of women in Iran. The primary aim of the study was to determine the sexual and reproductive rights of women in Iran and the gender inequalities. The researcher observed the new bills in Iran and their implications for womens rights in Iran. The study also sought to identify the relation between gender inequality and economic development. Purpose of the StudyMethodology/design/approach used for the studyThe study aimed to address issues facing the civil rights of women in Iran and the challenges facing women in Iran through qualitative and quantitative research analysis. The study adopted the use of both primary, and secondary research methods. Discourse analysis was also used as a research method to analyze language beyond the sentence level. They made the use of resp onses from two women, Shadi Sadr, and Atena Farghadani, who gave a first-hand analysis of womens rights in Iran. The interviews, case study and the secondary data adopted in the study tried to answer the research questions in the study. The research questions were; i. What are the steps that have been taken to uphold womens rights? ii. How are women fighting for their rights to ensure gender equality? iii. What other interventions have been applied by humanitarian organizations and other entities?The Study FindingsThe findings derived from the study indicate that sexual and reproductive rights are abused due to the gender inequality. The findings suggest that women have a lower status as compared to men. The study also observes that the civil rights of women in Iran are not protected by law thus no remedy provided for any violation. Additionally, the study evaluates the economic contribution of women and the link between women rights and economic development in Iran.Originality/valu e and implication of the studyThe researchers findings indicate that an evaluation of the roles of the authorities and the judiciary should be conducted to determine their responsibility for protecting the rights of women in Iran. The study presents the rights and freedoms of women and girls that are abused. The study also explores the areas that need improvement and provides a recommendation on how to improve these areas. Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609377"
Abstract  PAGEREF _Toc432609377 \h
2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609378"
List of Tables  PAGEREF _Toc432609378 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609379"
Chapter 1 Introduction and Background550 words approx. 10% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609379 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609380"
1.1 Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609380 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609381"
1.2 Background to the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609381 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609382"
1.3 Rationale (reason for the study)  PAGEREF _Toc432609382 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609383"
1.4 Aims and objectives of the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609383 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609384"
1.5 Research questions  PAGEREF _Toc432609384 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609385"
1.6 The relevance of the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609385 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609386"
1.7 Structure of the Dissertation  PAGEREF _Toc432609386 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609387"
Chapter 2 Literature review (2000 words approx. 35% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609387 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609388"
2.1. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609388 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609389"
2.2. Sexual and reproductive rights in Iran  PAGEREF _Toc432609389 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609390"
2.3. New bills on women rights in Iran  PAGEREF _Toc432609390 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609391"
2.3.1 Bill 446  PAGEREF _Toc432609391 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609392"
2.3.2 Bill 315  PAGEREF _Toc432609392 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609393"
2.4. Link between women rights and economic development  PAGEREF _Toc432609393 \h
10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609394"
2.5. Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609394 \h
11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609395"
Chapter 3 Research methods (800 words approx. 15% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609395 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609396"
3.1 Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609396 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609397"
3.2 Research purpose  PAGEREF _Toc432609397 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609398"
3.3 Research Approach adopted  PAGEREF _Toc432609398 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609399"
3.4 Qualitative vs. Quantitative study  PAGEREF _Toc432609399 \h
12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609400"
3.5 Research methods used- primary, secondary and discourse analysis research methods  PAGEREF _Toc432609400 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609401"
3.6 Data analysis  PAGEREF _Toc432609401 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_To c432609402"
3.7 Validity and reliability- triangulation  PAGEREF _Toc432609402 \h
13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609403"
3.8 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study  PAGEREF _Toc432609403 \h
14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609404"
3.9 Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609404 \h
14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609405"
Chapter 4 Data Findings and Presentation of Results (650 words approx. 15% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609405 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609406"
4.1 Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609406 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609407"
4.2 Case study results in tables based on research objectives  PAGEREF _Toc432609407 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609408"
4.3 Interview results in tables based on research objectives  PAGEREF _Toc432609408 \h
16 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609409"
4.3 Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609409 \h
18 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609410"
Chapter 5 Data analysis and Discussion (1000 words approx. 30% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _To c432609410 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609411"
5.1. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609411 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609412"
5.2. Overview  PAGEREF _Toc432609412 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609413"
5.3. Discussion of the specific objectives  PAGEREF _Toc432609413 \h
19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609414"
5.4. Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc432609414 \h
21 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609415"
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations (500 words approx. 10% of total Word count)  PAGEREF _Toc432609415 \h
22 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609416"
6.1. Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc432609416 \h
22 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609417"
6.2. Conclusions  PAGEREF _Toc432609417 \h
22 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609418"
6.3. Implications of the study  PAGEREF _Toc432609418 \h
23 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609419"
6.4. Recommendations  PAGEREF _Toc432609419 \h
23 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609420"
Appendices  PAGEREF _Toc432609420 \h
24 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609421"
Appendix 1: Interview Questions  PAGEREF _Toc432609421 \h
24 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609422"
Responses  PAGEREF _Toc432609422 \h
24 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609423"
References  PAGEREF _Toc432609423 \h
25List of Tables TOC \h \z \c "Table"  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609424"
Table 1: Case Study Results  PAGEREF _Toc432609424 \h
15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609425"
Table 2: Main Problem Facing Women in Iran  PAGEREF _Toc432609425 \h
16 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609426"
Table 3: Sexual and Reproductive Women Rights That Are Abused  PAGEREF _Toc432609426 \h
16 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609427"
Table 4: Domestic Violence  PAGEREF _Toc432609427 \h
17 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc432609428"
Table 5: Interventions on women's rights  PAGEREF _Toc432609428 \h
18Total maximum word count 5500 words 20 pages (double spaced, 275 words per page)Style: HarvardUS EnglishIntroduction and Background550 words approx. 10% of total Word count)IntroductionAccording to Boe (2015) the fre edoms and rights of women in Iran have been repressed over the years, particularly sexual and reproductive rights. Gender inequality is a common case particularly in family law cases, divorce, and transmission of nationality. Women in Iran face discrimination at all levels including in civil and criminal laws. The authorities victimize protestors against the discriminatory laws by accusing them of crimes against national security (Boe 2015).Background to the studyIn the early 20th century, the minimum age for marriage was 13 years. Cases of forced marriages are very common in Iran for girls aged between 10-14 years (Friedl and Afkhami 1994). The oppression of women began at a very tender age. Criminal liability of women began from the age of nine years, six years earlier than boys. Similarly, women face unequal treatment within the Islamic law as compared to their male counterparts (Friedl and Afkhami 1994). Rationale (reason for the study)This dissertation is relevant to expose the gender disparity and the social discrimination facing women in Iran and other middle-east countries. The study also indicates the struggle that the women of Iran have gone through in the fight for their rights (Shahidian 2002). Additionally, the study provides information on the new sexual laws introduced by the government and their impacts on womens rights in Iran.Aims and objectives of the studyThe objectives of this research are:To determine the gender inequalities in IranTo identify the sexual and reproductive rights of women in IranTo understand the link between womens rights and economic developmentResearch questionsThis dissertation...

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Essay - 677 Words

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is unique because of its small genome and physical size. The bacterium contains only 500-2300 Kba in its genome that produces about 700 different proteins. Its reduced genome has been clearly mapped. M. pneumoniae size range from 0.2 to 0.8 micrometer and are capable of passing through most filters designed to remove bacteria. The bacterium is the smallest living organism capable of replicating itself. The bacterium lacks a cell wall but has a three layered cell membrane with sterols. It can take on any shape from cocci to filamentous. An agar plates the colonies have a specific fried egg look. It lives mainly as a parasite in humans where it can maintain its osmotic balance†¦show more content†¦There were 2 million cases in the US with 100,000 requiring hospitalization. The mortality rate is very low with only occasional fatalities among the elderly and sickle cell anemia persons. Virulence: The bacterium evolved by loosing its genes converting it from a free-living microbe into a pathogen. It needs the host’s nutrients in order to survive. The bacterium latches itself onto the host epithelial cells by a 160 kDa type 1 pilli. The pilli, located on a specific organelle on the polar region of the bacterium, attaches to the sialic residues that are present on epithelial cells. It then begins to colonize creating a cascade of problems to the host. M. pneumoniae stops the cilliary movement and produces hydrogen peroxides and superoxides as metabolic waste that kill the epithelial and neighboring cells. The inactive cilia of the epithelium cells produce non-productive coughs, fever and sore throat. It also causes an immune repose monopolizing the immune systems but through antigenic variations it capable of avoiding being phagocytized. By monopolizing the immune system the pathogen is capable of making the host susceptible to other pathogens. Other virulence factors inc lude its ability to deplete nearby cells of nutrients. Treatment: The antibiotic usually given is tetracycline and erythromycin. Penicillins are useless because the bacterium lacks a cell wall. The body’s own immune systems will eventually take care of theShow MoreRelatedPharmaceutical Care Plan - Cap1171 Words   |  5 Pagesand 14%. It is the sixth leading cause of death, and the leading infectious cause of death (Maimon, Nopmaneejumruslers and Marras, 2008). The group of most likely causative bacteria in includes Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. This essay will appraise the treatment of CAP in an elderly patientwhose care plan can be found in Appendix 1. For the purpose of this essay we will discuss the severity assessment criteria, choice and effectivenessRead MoreMycoplasma Pneumonia Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesMycoplasma Pneumonia is the most common pneumonia ranging in older kids and younger adults. This type of lung infection goes by many different names such as Walking Pneumonia, Eaton Agent Pneumonia and Primary Atypical Pneumonia. Mycoplasma Pneumoniae is one of the smallest living organisms that can reproduce outside of a cell but, prefers to have a host and to be parasitic. Mycoplasma pneumoniae likes to party in the late summer and early fall especially in communities but is still found in theRead MorePneumoni A Serious Infectious Disease1229 Words   |  5 Pagesbacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)† (Pneumonia Can Be Prevented). Bacterial pneumonia is the most common cause of pneumonia in adults whereas viral pneumonia is the most common cause in children, especially in children unde r the age of 2 years. Bacterial infections often only effect on section, or lobe, known as lober pneumonia. Another bacteria like organism called mycoplasma is the cause of walking pneumonia. â€Å"Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) was discovered in 1944 in aRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Pneumonia1470 Words   |  6 Pagescausing pneumonia. There are several different germs that cause pneumonia such as bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, and fungi. Even chemicals can cause pneumonia. Bacteria is a common cause of pneumonia and the most common one is known as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although there are several, some other types of bacteria include Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Some viruses that cause pneumonia include, adenoviruses, rhinovirus, influenza virus (flu), and respiratoryRead MorePneumonia Is A Common Infectious Disease1614 Words   |  7 Pagescauses community acquired pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), followed by other pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Legionella species.8 In addition, community acquired Streptococcus Pneumoniae is found in patients who have not visited or admitted to any medical facility recently.8 DV is a 10 years old male weighing 60lbs who has been diagnosed with S. pneumoniae, the primary treatment for this condition is PenicillinRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of A Common Infectious Disease755 Words   |  4 Pagesan important cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world. The most common bacterial pathogen that a cause of CAP is Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains) and accounts for almost thirty percent of CAP cases. Other pathogens include Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and influenza A. In more than half of the cases of CAP, the pathogen is never recognized (Thiem, Heppner, Pientka, 2011). Plan of TreatmentRead MorePneumonia Disease Research Paper1940 Words   |  8 Pagesincluding the brain, kidneys, and heart. Bacteria can also travel to the area between the lungs and the chest wall causing a complication where there is a buildup of pus around the lungs. The most common causes of bacterial pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae and atypical bacteria. Atypical bacteria are parasitic bacteria that live inside the cell or do not have a cell wall. Furthermore, they cause generally less severe pneumonia, therefore atypical symptoms, and respond to different antibiotics thanRead MoreCommon Pathogens That Cause Heent Infections?1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe pathogens associated with acute otitis media (AOM) include, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The common cold or rhinosinusitis is likely caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (Bur ns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, Blosser, 2013). Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a result of the S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis and/or B-hemolytic streptococci bacteriasRead MorePneumonia: the Silent Killer895 Words   |  4 Pagespneumonias tend to be the most serious and, in adults, the most common cause of pneumonia. The most common pneumonia-causing bacterium in adults is Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of pneumonia in young children, peaking between the ages of 2 and 3. By school age, the bacterium Mycoplasma Pneumoniae becomes more common. In some people, particularly the elderly and those who are debilitated, bacterial pneumonia may follow influenza or even a common cold. PeopleRead MoreThe Is The Integrated Pattern Of Human Behavior, Culture, Race, Ethnicity, And Culture922 Words   |  4 Pagesthe age of 16 and continued to have them right up until she died. When she died, her mother, which is my great grandmother, stepped up in her children life. My grandmother, Patricia died of mycoplasma pneumonia and heart failure. According to Braun, Wagner, Huttner, and Schmid (2006), â€Å"Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common known bacterial pathogens of the respiratory tract, especially in patients between 5 and 30 years of age (p. 371).† This disease caused her to die at age 35 in November

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1102 Words

It is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the display window, leaving some forgotten decorative balloons to bounce around under the rain. Balloons, much like the ones at the birthday party from many years ago. Their shiny surfaces had glinted under the golden sun that blazed overhead on that hot, summer day. Children, with smiles just as bright as the sun, splashed in the crystal-clear waters, their heads bobbing above the surface. A small girl, grinning from ear to ear, jumped into the pool, causing waves to sweep over the other children. Although everybody re-emerged sooner or later, I still shivered at the sight. Another wave of water splashed across the pavement, feet away from the grassy lawn where I sat crisscross applesauce. Attached to a canopy across the pool, colorful streamers and balloons swayed with each passing breeze. Under a canopy, the grown-ups, like a flock of starlings, gossiped, paying no attention to the rest of the children in the pool. My mom sat tall among them, oblivious to the pain she had given fromShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he real ly has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trashRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing930 Words   |  4 PagesI couldn’t imagine that I would have ever seen a tractor flying through the air, let alone a tractor landing just inches away from the room where my family was taking shelter. All of those childhood memories just gone just like that. My little sister Harper was crying to my mother saying â€Å"Mommy Mommy can it stop can it stop?† she wailed. I know this might seem crazy but that moment it just felt like time paused. And then my mother was crying to my father saying â€Å"Honey we lost her!† my mother cried

Problem and Solution of Global Warming - 1936 Words

Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans. Higher temperatures threaten dangerous consequences: drought, disease, floods, and lost ecosystems. From sweltering heat to rising seas, global warmings effects have already begun. Many people still believe that since the earth is so big, human beings cannot possibly have any major impact on the way the planet operates. The truth is we have grown so numerous and our technologies have become so powerful that we are now capable of having a significant influence on many parts of the earths environment (Gore 22). Without the help of the human race, and the listening ears of our politicians, we are going to leave this extreme crisis to the†¦show more content†¦Another solution, and possibly the first step for the world to work together to reduce global warming, is to put energy efficient, renewable energy, and vehicle technology solutions in place at a federal level. California has been the only state to step up to the plate. In August 2006, the California state legislature passed the landmark Global Warming Solutions Act which mandates that the states greenhouse gas emissions be rolled back to 1990 levels by 2020 (The Vote Heard around the World 1). This first-in-the-nation law puts a cap on gas emissions from power plants, refineries, and manufacturing plants. Since the United States currently produces 70 percent of its electricity from fossil fuels and only two percent from renewable resources, it is certain that by converting into more efficient and renewable energy it would significantly reduce our emissions of heat-trapping gases. Solutions for global warming include big changes, but they also include little things people can do everyday. My proposal is to simply get the word out to everyone. Teaching children in school and people at home how to implement steps on helping solve global warming is very important in todays world. One thing everyone can do is simply reduce emissions from your home energy use by using energy-efficient lighting and appliances, insulating your house, conserving hot water, and turning off lights and computers when youre finished with them. ItsShow MoreRelatedProblems and Solutions to Catastrophic Global Warming1025 Words   |  5 PagesProblems and Solutions to Catastrophic Global Warming Global warming is becoming a major problem for our environment. Global warming is causing the atmosphere to become warmer which causes many problems for the environment. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere allows sunlight to pass through, but it traps heat from escaping. This causes the earth to warm which keeps the earth from becoming a ball of frozen ice, but excess carbon dioxide causes global warming, which will affect the environment. ThereRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big Problem1320 Words   |  6 PagesGallos English 3 Global Warming Global warming is a big problem and impacts our environment in a negative way because it is heating the Earth. Global warming impacts all of the life around us even though not many people recognize it. There are many problems that global warming will make to our environment and it has already impacted it over time. Although, there are many problems, there are also solutions to stop global warming. Climate change is most closely related to global warming and many scientistsRead MoreTaking a Look at Global Warming1483 Words   |  6 Pagespeople, global warming just means that the Earth is getting warmer. What they don’t realize is that global warming is so much more than that. No matter how you call it, â€Å"global warming† or â€Å"climate disruption†, its effects are all the same. Rising sea levels, wildfires, droughts, and storms are all results of these rising temperatures. And if humans keep pumping large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thes e natural disasters will be just the first of many. To better understand global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming : A Global Climate Change1457 Words   |  6 Pageshappened by global warming like, increasing the temperature degrees, and melting the snow mountains around the word. However, global warming has played a major role in changing the weather all over the world. The climate change all over the world is a proof that the weather conditions are changing. Global warming has made some of the hottest land cold now and the countries that never had a summer in millenniums are now having sunlight regularly. These are the basic changes that signify that global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Major Problem842 Words   |  4 PagesSalvador Macias Mrs.Gallos English 3 4-16-2015 Global Warming Global Warming is a major problem that needs to be addressed. Its impacts are already costly and significant and is just the beginning of a dangerous trend. The impact of global warming or the more trending term â€Å"climate change† affects not only yourself but the entire world. â€Å"The earth is saying something with record heat, drought, storms and fire. Scientists are telling us this is what global warming looks like. It s time to listen – and takeRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1430 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming in the United Stated Global warming is no longer just a prediction it is actually happening. It is undisputed that the average temperature at the surface of Earth has increased over the past century by 1 degree Fahrenheit, with both the air and the oceans warming. Since 1880, when people in many locations first began to keep temperature records, the 25 warmest years have all occurred within the last 28 years. The problem is that if we keep on hurting our own environment and ecosystemsRead MoreA Solution to Global Warming 1037 Words   |  5 Pagesbut have also helped to cause global warming. The emission of carbon dioxide from these machines in the atmosphere causes global warming. Global warming, defined by Oxford dictionary is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants (â€Å"Definition of global†¦.†). There are several creative ideas to stop global warming and some of them have promisesRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It is time to view the global warming concernsRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big And Serious Life Threatening Problem1254 Words   |  6 Pagesoceans, more rising sea levels. - (Brainy Quotes). Global warming is a big and serious life threatening problem. Since the 1990’s Global warming’s an issue to the world because greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and etc. has been entering our atmosphere . The past years there has been more climate changes which has come to be a problem as a rise in catastrophes such as hurricanes and tornadoes. People will have to come into a solution or the world could end. People have started Read MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Health Of Humans And Wildlife, Communities, And Economies Around The World1470 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming is one of the largest environmental problems of the time, and this naturally occurring phenomenon intensified by pollution has become a threat to the health of humans and wildlife, communities, and economies around the world. Normal greenhouses gases (GHGs) present in the atmosphere include carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrous oxide. These gases prohibit too much infrared radiation from reflecting back into space; hence, they trap this energy in the atmosphere to create a constant

Social Contract Theory On The Origin Of State - 1110 Words

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Introduction: The social contract theory is one of the oldest theories on the origin of state. This theory came into existence as a reaction against the divine origin theory. The term ‘social’ is something which is connected with the society, while ‘contract’ means an agreement between two or more people. Thus a term of political theory, ‘social contract’ implies an agreement that makes society possible .this theory holds that the state is the voluntary and deliberate agreement on the part of the people those who emerged from the state of nature, in order to form a state based on a contract between the people and the sovereign and is not made by the god and thus implies that the state is a man`s deliberate creation to serve his needs. The core idea behind this theory is an assumption that there was a period in human history, when there was no state at all and no political law existed. The idea that the power to the ruler is given based on some kind of agreeme nt between him and his subjects is quite old. The social contract theory envisages a state of nature where there were no organised government and rulers. There were no man made laws and no authority to govern the people .the state of nature was prepolitical the idea of social contract divides the state into two phases, i.e. one is the state of nature which was the life of the people before the state came into existence and second is the creation of the state as a result of the contract entered byShow MoreRelatedSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State3694 Words   |  15 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY 1. INTRODUCTION: The social contract theory is one of the oldest theories on the origin of state. This theory came into existence as a reaction against the divine origin theory. The term ‘social’ is something which is connected with the society, while ‘contract’ means an agreement between two or more people. Thus a term of political theory, ‘social contract’ implies an agreement that makes society possible .this theory holds that the state is the voluntary and deliberate agreementRead MorePolitics And State : Government And Politics1239 Words   |  5 Pagesare essential to political science are nation and state. These words will be heard in any discussion surrounding government and politics, especially when discussed on the international sphere. Often used interchangeably these words are not the same. Nation and state are two distinct words, but state is the only word that does not have a definite origin. However, both words have been given power through the t oxic idea of nationalism. Nation and state are two critical terms in the study of politics andRead MoreSocial Contract Is The Formidable Obelisk For Peacebuilding And Statebuilding1269 Words   |  6 Pages Social Contract is the formidable obelisk for peacebuilding and statebuilding. One of the oldest and widely cited Social Contract theories is the one of theorist’s John Rawls. His theory proposed an objective perspective of the Social Contract concept that was rooted from medieval Europe, this widely accepted principle that â€Å"all men are by nature free and equal† (Lessnoff, 1990, p. 3) made Rawls disparate to his brethren who too theorized this concept. Rawls rendition of the theory was not onlyRead MoreHuman Nature Is Good, And Being A Beast1165 Words   |  5 Pagesfelt that the natural state of man was beast-like, and savage. Thus, he felt that it is civilization that influences and challenges humanity from our fundamental wickedness. Within his view, human nature is dangerous; which can only be rescued through culture and community. According to Hobbes, being â€Å"civilized† is good, and being a â€Å"beast† is not accepted. Contrast this with th e view of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau was an Enlightenment philosopher, and wrote The Social Contract which heavily influencedRead More Pateman On Locke Essays1259 Words   |  6 Pages For years social contract theorists had monopolized the explanation of modern society. John Locke was among those who advocated this theory of a collectively chosen set of circumstances. Carole Pateman, on the other hand rejects many of the pillars of the social contract and specifically attacks certain aspects of Lockes argument regarding paternalism and patriarchy. Pateman defends her idea that the individual about which Locke writes is masculine, instead of the gender-encompassing form of theRead MoreLife Without Laws And Regulations Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagestake away our rights based on the State of nature? The social contract would introduce and maintain a controlled society in which protects people’s rights to life, liberty and protection of ones property. John Rawls a modern philosopher carries on the social contract tradition alongside philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau developing his own theory of Justice that he states brings upon complete fairness and equality within society the theory of justice, developed in 1971 withRead MoreCoexistence of Equality and Inequality under the Social Contract1508 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical theories abound, considering many parts of society and the body politic. John Locke was one of the first to expound on the origins of property, and sixty-six years later Jean-Jacques Rousseau would also address the issu es of property and inequality. According to Locke and Rousseau, the social contract is sanctioned by formal equalities yet creates or gives way to inequalities after it is formed. Though Locke would argue that inequalities in the private sphere don’t fall under the jurisdictionRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreWeaknesses Of Social Contract Theory928 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Contract theory is the idea that in the beginning people lived in the state of nature with no government and laws to regulate them. In order to overcome the issues involved in the state of nature, people entered into agreements to protect themselves and their properties. They did this by uniting, rescinding certain rights under the state of nature, and pledging themselves to an authority that will guarantee certain protections. They all agree to live together under those laws and create aRead MoreSocial Contract And The Civil Society979 Words   |  4 Pages The social contract and the push for individuals to enter it rely on some conception of a state of nature. Whilst the expected behaviour of persons in the state of nature differs among the social contract theorists, the classical writings all share one common feature, a â€Å"generalised potential for threat† from other persons (Dicus 2015, p. 105). However, the nature of this threat in the hypothetical state of nature is not verifiable, as is the transition to civil society. The â€Å"signing† of the social

Information Assurance Free Essays

We live and conduct business in an active asymmetric threat environment. An individual, business or organization must adapt and protect its vital information assets and critical digital infrastructure. Failure to do so is reckless and may be considered as an obvious lack of due diligence for people who have fiduciary and custodial responsibilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Assurance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Any event that causes damage to information resources, whether it is a computer virus, natural disaster or system failure could be devastating to an individual (i.e. identity theft), company, its customers, suppliers and shareholders. Failing to do so may threaten the survival of the company itself. An information system security breach could result in serious financial losses, the disclosure of protected private information, loss of research and development data or fines by regulatory agencies. Losses due to intrusions into an information system could negatively affect the general public (i.e. power failures). This might result in costly class action lawsuits that could exceed an organization’s ability to pay and result in its dissolution. Even an individual might be sued for negligence and be financially ruined. So how should an organization or person protect its valuable digital processing infrastructure? A business should establish and implement a comprehensive information assurance plan. Individuals should at least address the components of a professional information assurance plan. Doing so is evidence that the infrastructure owners are attempting to practice due diligence. An information assurance plan for an organization should be formalized and approved in the organization’s policies and have the following components: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Accountability and Non-Repudiation. Let’s briefly examine each: A. Confidentiality refers to restricting access to data, information or to any component of the digital processing infrastructure unless there is a â€Å"Need† for an individual to be able to access it. The â€Å"need† must be aligned with an employee’s job requirements and the mission of the organization. Strong confidentiality prevents the disclosure of sensitive records, research and development information. B. Integrity refers to maintaining the validity and reliability of information that is to be used for decision-making. An information infrastructure that has integrity can be depended upon when making decisions. The information is otherwise useless. Integrity must be aggressively assured. C. Availability is that characteristic of information, which assures that critical information is ready for access precisely when, and where it is needed and to whom it is needed so that decisions can be made. Computers and networks must be protected to assure that mission critical data is on hand when needed. D. Accountability refers to the idea of assigning responsibility to an individual or group of individuals for each part of the digital processing infrastructure. Each time the information infrastructure is accessed someone needs to be responsible for its safe and legitimate use. Otherwise the system is open to serious security breaches. E. Non-Repudiation is that component of information assurance that guarantees each party to a transaction is bound to its results. E-commerce, for example, would be impossible without provisions for assuring that a customer actually made a purchase. Maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, availability and non-repudiation of the information processing infrastructure is vital to the survival of an organization. How to cite Information Assurance, Essay examples