Advantages disadvantages and impacts of Globalization

IntroductionGlobalization is a procedure in which limited societies, economic systems, and civilizations have connected through a planetary system of trade. The term is sometimes used to mention peculiarly to economic globalisation: the incorporation of national economic systems into the international economic system through trade, foreign direct investing, capital flows, and addition of engineering. Globalization is by and large known as determined by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political factors this term can besides mention to the world-wide distribution of thoughts, linguistic communications, or voguish civilization. Competition increases between states. ( Alassane D. Ouattara, 1997 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/1997/052197.htm Globalization is the consequence of a figure of interrelated developments including: The growing and comparative deduction of foreign direct investing. The internationalisation of economic markets. The quickly and go oning development of communicating and conveyance engineering Liberalization and Deregulation A Public sector services converted into denationalization ( www.tssa.org.uk )hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tssa.org.uk/article-38.php3? id_article=2190Economic globalisation is characterized by increasing in trade and investing, liberalisation, denationalization of public services and deregulating of many authorities establishments. Economic globalisation is besides linked with increasing inequality in wealth and influence between states and within states every bit good as between public and private sectors. Economic globalisation has been taking topographic point for the last several old ages it has begun to go on at an increased rate over the last 20-30 old ages. This recent roar has been mostly accounted by developed economic systems linked with less developed economic systems, by resources of foreign direct investing, the decrease of trade obstructions, and the modernisation of these developing civilizations. Environmental globalisation recognizes that an environmental incident or impact that happens in one state is non restricted to that country but has the possible to impact the full universe ‘s well being. Therefore, communicative globalisation refers to the rapid growing of communicating engineerings such as cyberspace, telephone, orbiter and so on, Ability to associate people, information and thoughts around the universe which impact on civilization, both positively and negatively. ( www.scribd.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economy Denationalization is a demand for globalisation and goes side by side with it. Nowadays the phrase of globalisation has gained importance in all over of the universe. Globalization may hold positive or negative impact on developing states. However, the developing states can last by change in the development of globalisation by public policy readjustment for denationalization, deregulating and liberalisation. The moving ridge of fiscal globalisation as the mid-1980s has been marked by addition in capital flows among industrial states, peculiarly between industrial and developing states. Where these capital flows have been linked with the high growing rates in some underdeveloped states. A figure of states have experienced interrupted prostration in growing rates and major fiscal crises over the same period, that catastrophe have exacted a serious toll in footings of macroeconomic and societal costs. Trade could impact these inequalities merely through its consequence on economic growing in single states. A cardinal issue, so concerns the possible consequence of trade on economic growing. ( khair Uz Zaman, ; , qaiser Aman ; , 2007 )Key Institutions of GlobalizationThe economic globalisation lies with certain influential fiscal establishments that are wholly in the custodies of western states. They include: International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) World Bank ( WB ) World Trade Organization ( WTO ) These establishments are besides known as the Bretton Woods establishments and chiefly influence on the economic and political policy preparation in developing states. ( Rahman MD Faizur, 2005 ) History Globalization: The start of globalisation goes back to the 2nd half of the nineteenth century. When nationality as the footing for province formation was already widespread. The World Bank classifies the development of globalisation since so as follows: The 1st moving ridge of globalisation: 1870 -1914 The retreat into patriotism: 1914 -1945 The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation: 1945 – 1980 The new and 3rd moving ridge of globalisation: 1980 The first moving ridge of globalisation was started in 1870 and changeless until the beginning of the First World War in 1914. This period of globalisation made easy for the bringing of imported goods every bit good as the exported goods. The development of telegraph helped to get down contact over long distance. The period of 1914 to 1945 was tagged a retreat of independency and extensively improved in the proficient status of the conveyance and communicating. The great depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s direct to protectionism, which to boot restricted the international division of labours. The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation ( 1945-1980 ) followed the loyal period. As a response to the war, there was much attempt to heighten international clasp. This was reflected in the constitution of the United Nations in 1945 and the Bretton forests establishments in 1946. In 1980, trade of industries was to big extent freed of barriers. In the instance of agricultural merchandises, trade was restricted between developing states ; imports of merchandises of developing states were liberalized if they did non vie with those of the developed states. The 3rd moving ridge of globalisation started around 1980 and this stage continues today. Harmonizing to the World Bank, this period has four features that separate it from the old period. Large Numberss of developing states bankrupt into the planetary markets Developing states became progressively marginalized and suffered from worsening incomes and progressively poverty Worldwide capital motions and in-migration became significant. Increasing devastation of production. ( Kotilainen, Markku ; Kaitila, Ville ; , 2002 ) Globalization, as World War II, is fundamentally the consequence of planning by politicians to interrupt down the boundary lines obstructions in trade to increase the prosperity and mutuality, as a consequence to cut down the opportunities of future war between the states. Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been significantly decreased through international understandings GATT. Particularly inaugural carried out as a consequence of GATT and WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, has included: Promotion of free trade: Eliminating of duties ; creative activity of free trade sector with little or no duties. Reduced transit cost, particularly ensuing from development of containerization for ocean transportation. Decrease, riddance or coordination of fiscal support for local concerns Creation of fiscal support for world-wide corporations. Coordination of rational poorness Torahs across the bulk of provinces, with more limitations. Super national designation of rational poorness restrictions. ( www.scribd.com )hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economyThe phrase Globalization has been used loosely by media and educational in recent old ages. This describes the procedure of generate webs of connexions through a choice of flows of information, people, capital goods and engineering. In economic sciences, globalisation connect in assorted stage of cross-border traffics, free international capital flows, foreign direct investing, portfolio investing, and rapid and widespread distribution of engineering. Globalization enhances the economic prosperity and leads to more efficient allotment of resources, which, in bend will ensue in higher end product, more employment, lower monetary values and higher criterion of life. However, some critics worry about the ensuing outsourcing and off shore, which have destroyed the American fabrication sector. ( www.scribd.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economyAdvantages of GlobalizationGoods and people are transferred with more relaxation from one state to another. Due to globalization war between developed states has reduced. Free trading increases the mutuality of the nation-state. Peoples connected in the universe due to planetary mass media. Communication between persons and corporations in the universe increases. Environmental security in developed states additions. Encouragement of more researches and development of new machines and equipment for domestic usage. Peoples connected in the Earth due to worldwide mass media. Strong competition therefore encourages higher quality merchandises Global mass media connects all the people in the universe Increase in economic growing of the state. Decrease of cultural barriers increases the planetary small town consequence ( www.buzzle.com ) www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.htmlDISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATIONIncreased in flow of skilled and non-skilled occupations from developed to developing states as corporations try to happen out the cheapest labour Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organisations and mean persons Increased opportunity of economic breaks in one state impacting all states. Menace that control of universe media by a smattering of corporations will restrict cultural visual aspect. Greater opportunity of reactions for globalisation being aggressive in an effort to support cultural traditions. Greater hazard of diseases being transported accidentally between states Spread of a mercenary life style and attitude that sees ingestion as the way to prosperity International organic structures like the World Trade Organization violate the national and single independency. Addition in the opportunities of cosmopolitan war within developing states and unfastened war between developing states as they struggle for resources Decreases in environmental dependability as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulative regulations in developing states. ( www.darkseptemberrain.com ) Impacts of Globalization Harmonizing to economic experts, there are a batch of planetary events connected with globalisation and incorporation. It is easy to sort the alterations brought by the globalisation. Improvement of International Trade. Globalization increases the international trade between many states and makes the sale or purchase easy. Technological Progress. Governments have upgraded their degree of engineering to vie and be competitory globally. Increasing Influence of Multinational Companies. An of import tendency in the globalisation is the increasing influence and broadening range of the transnational companies. A company that has subordinates in assorted states is called a multinational. Power of the WTO, IMF, and WB. Another consequence of globalisation is the beef uping power and influence of international establishments such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank. Greater Mobility of Human Resources across Countries. A Globalization allows states to supply their work force in states with inexpensive labour. For case, the work force deficits in Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia provide chances for labour exporting states such as the Philippines to convey their human resources to those states for employment. Greater Outsourcing of Business Processes to Other Countries. Different states are enormously profiting from this tendency of planetary concern outsourcing. Global companies in the US take advantage of the cheaper labour and extremely skilled workers that states can propose. Civil Society.A Broadening range of the planetary civil society is an of import tendency in globalisation. Many establishments are established in the state and run by citizens which civil society frequently refers to NGOs. Global civil society refers to NGOs that advocate certain issue or cause. There are many NGOs that promote good environment to adult females ‘s and back up their rights. Government and NGOs have the same end of functioning the people but these NGOs are working to set up constabularies that are good to all. ( www.hubpages.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-GlobalizationEffectss of globalisationMore goods and services are available Expansion of new markets Income coevals and increased in economic growing Development in the volume and scope of cross boundary line minutess in goods and services. Addition in the usage of new engineering in small-scale fabrication to increase the degree of production. The planetary common market has a freedom to merchandise of goods and capital The outgrowth of a new market where the merchandises were market at an international degree for all type of consumers. Widely entree to a big assortment of goods for consumers and companies. Free motion of people of different state ‘s leads to community benefits. Global environmental and other trade jobs are solved by treatments. development of containerization of ocean transportation cut down the transit cost Decrease in trade barrier Additions in international travel and touristry Addition in the aspiration to utilize abroad thoughts and merchandises, accept new patterns and engineerings and go a portion of universe civilization. Subsidies for local concerns lessening Local consumer merchandises are exported to other states Capital controls cut down or suppress Enhancement in world-wide modern traditions/cultures. ( www.buzzle.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.htmlDevelopment COUNTRYDeveloping states are those which have a lower per capita income, unemployment, deficiency of goods and services. Peoples have a lower criterion of life, high infant mortality rate.Features of Developing Economy:The common features of developing states: Lower life criterions Insufficient lodging Low instruction criterion Increase in decease rate Limited life and work anticipation High and lifting degrees of unemployment and under employment. Lack of engineering Low criterion of instruction ( www.shvoong.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/1758902-characteristics-developing-countries/Advantages of globalisation in the underdeveloped universe:Globalization increases the economic prosperity and chance in the underdeveloped universe. The countrywide freedom is enhanced and increases the resources of the developing states and there is a more efficient usage of resources. All the states involved in the free trade are at a net income. As a consequence, there are lower monetary values, more employment and a better criterion of life in these developing states. It is feared that some developing countries advancement at the costs of other developed countries. However, such concerns are unsuccessful as globalisation is a positive-sum opportunity in which the accomplishments and engineerings enable to increase the life criterions throughout the universe. Liberals look at globalisation as an efficient tool to extinguish poorness and let the hapless people to keep a stro ng clasp in the planetary economic system.The Impact of Globalization on the Pakistan EconomyGlobalization is non new. Pakistan has been involved in trade, investing, fiscal flows, engineering transportations and the motion of labour since its foundation. There are a figure of factors that have aided this transmutation.The enlargement of new markets:Foreign exchange and capital markets are linked internationally. They control 24 hours a twenty-four hours with contact any where in the universe possible in all clip. Fiscal deregulating increases the impact of globalisation on the economic system.New engineering and the tools of globalisation:The cyberspace, electronic mail, nomadic phones, media and communicating webs have all sped up the procedure of globalisation. They have increased the broaden of communicating and and velocity cognition transportation.New institutional participants:The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) has emergent right over national authoritiess, as does the IMF with its limitations and controls it can coerce on states necessitating support. Multinational corporations have more economic power than many other states. Include financess and fiscal traders are able to command fiscal flows and accordingly exchange rates, go forthing states helpless in their aftermath.New regulations and limitations:Common understandings on trade, services and rational belongings rights, supported by strong enforcement instrument, diminish the possibility for national authoritiess to widen their ain economic policies.Pakistan EconomyPakistan is a South Asiatic state that was established in 1947. A Pakistan is a underdeveloped state ; its entire population is about 180 million. Its adjacent parts include India, Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and China. Its GDP is $ 164 billion and lending in agribusiness, industry and services severally 19.6 % , 26.82 % and 53.7 % . Per capita income and HDI is about $ 1022 and 0.52. Population of Pakistan is in the 6th figure and has biggest and strongest ground forces in the universe. Pakistan economic system is based on agribusiness sector. In last two decennaries Pakistan service industry has grown up quickly. More than 50 % population of Pakistan is linked with the rural sector. So that ‘s why largely country is neglected and misused. Entire acquired country of Pakistan is 803,940 km2, but largely country is neglected and developing. External debts are around $ 50.1 billion. Pakistan has an outstanding potency for growing and its current growing rate is 2 % . Pakistan has marvels hoarded wealths of natural resources, fruitful lands, some of largest natural resources mines, highest mountain scopes, 1050 stat mi coastline, huge comeuppances and the best productive lands. Pakistan is one of the most blest states on the Earth. But Pakistan political and economic conditions are non good. ( www.ezinearticles.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Pakistans-Economy & A ; id=3489752Pakistan economic developmentlast few old ages at that place has been a con rate of Pakistan economic development that has marked itself in its singular gross domestic merchandise statistics. In fiscal twelvemonth 2007 there was an addition of 52 per centum in sum fixed in Pakistani budget for the development of national economic system. This has been an of import measure in development of Pakistan economic system is concerned as this move has required to turn to underdevelopment of national economic system that has broaden at all degrees particularly in societal sector. Economic development of Pakistan has ever been among its major assets every bit far as attain designation from planetary fiscal circles is concerned. In decennary of 60s Pakistan ‘s economic system had progressed at a consecutive rate and it was position as being first-class. Economic policies adopted by national authorities h ave helped economic development in Pakistan to a important extent. In 1990s 2 % of gross domestic merchandise of Pakistan had been assigned for economic advancement and its two-base hit in 2003. In 1999 PKR 80 billion had been set away for economic development of Pakistan and by 2007 this sum had gone up to PKR 520 billion. In financial twelvemonth 2008 this sum was PKR 549.7 billion. Poverty in rural countries has been an of import country of Pakistani economic sciences. From 2005 to 2008 $ 16.7 trillion has been spent in order to cover with different issues related to poorness. This money has played a really of import function in overall economic development in Pakistan. Poverty has been reduced to 24 % by 2006 from 35 % at 2000-01. As per Human Development Index of 2007 Pakistan has been accorded position of a â€Å" Medium Development Country † . Infrastructural development is an of import country of Pakistan economic development. However, it has non been paid much attending by Pakistan national authorities. More old ages a figure of international fiscal organisations have played a most of import function in development of Pakistan ‘s economic system such as International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. From 2006 to 2009 Asian Development Bank would be supplying about $ 6 billion for Pakistan economic development. World Bank is supposed to supply a loan for infrastructural development worth $ 6.5 billion in the same period. Pakistan would besides roll up a annual fiscal aid from Japan worth $ 500 million. ( www.economywatch.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economywatch.com/world_economy/pakistan/Variables:GDP is the amount of market value of all concluding goods and services produced in a state within a given twelvemonth, tantamount to entire consumer, investing and authorities disbursement, plus the value of export, minus the value of imports. GDP includes merely goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of the U.S, in malice of the manufacturer ‘s nationality. ( investorwords.com ) FDI Direct investings in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign state, as opposed to investings in portions of local companies by foreign entities. An of import characteristic of an progressively globalized economic system. ( www.investorwords.com )BotA state ‘s exports minus its imports ; it is the largest constituent of a state ‘s balance of payments. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investorwords.com/396/balance_of_trade.html

Network Neutrality

SHOULD NETWORK NEURALITY CONTINUE? DRAFT SUMMARY This case study from the beginning wanted to know the kind of internet use the reader is and how their usage is affecting the bandwidth making it slow down the entire internet. It went further to discuss reports which indicated that use demand for the internet could outspace network capacity by 2011 which would result in slow performance on websites such as youtube and facebook with other services. The debate about metering internet use centres was also raised.Network neutrality which is the idea of internet service providers allowing customers equal access to content and applications regardless of the source or nature of the content was the key issue discussed in this case study. It brought to the fore the fact that presently the internet is indeed neutral because it was built on phone lines, which are subject to common carriage laws. These laws require phone companies to treat all calls and customers equally. Which means that they ca nnot offer extra benefits to customers willing to pay higher premiums for faster or clearer calls.Due to bandwidth consumed by content being delivered over the internet, Telecom and cable companies want to be able to charge differentiated prices. Advocates of net neutrality are pushing congress to regulate the industry which would require network providers to refrain from these types of practices. Some companies report that 5 percent of their customers use about half the capacity on local lines without paying any more than low-usage customers. They state that metered pricing is â€Å"the fairest way† to finance necessary investments in its network infrastructure.Internet service providers point to the upsurge in piracy of copyrighted materials over the Internet as a reason to oppose network neutrality. Comcast reported that illegal file sharing of copyrighted material was consuming 50 percent of its network capacity. The company posits that if network transmission rates were slower for this type of content, users would be less likely to download or access it. Bob Kahn, another co-inventor of the Internet Protocol opposes network neutrality saying that it removes the incentive for network providers to innovate, provide new capabilities, and upgrade to new technology.ANSWERS 1. What is network neutrality? Why has the Internet operated under net neutrality up to this point in time? Network neutrality is the idea that Internet service providers must allow customers equal access to content and applications regardless of the source or nature of the content. Presently the Internet is indeed neutral: all Internet traffic is treated equally on a first-come, first-serve basis by Internet backbone owners.The Internet is neutral because it was built on phone lines, which are subject to ‘common carriage’ laws. Common Carrier law reflects a business principle that strives to avoid discrimination in a wide range of commercial practices. These laws require phone companies to treat all calls and customers equally. They cannot offer extra benefits to customers willing to pay higher premiums for faster or clearer calls, a model knows as tiered service. 2. Who’s in favor of network neutrality? Who’s opposed? Why? Organizations like MoveOn. rg, the Christian Coalition, the American Library Association, every major consumer group, many bloggers and small businesses, and some large Internet companies like Google and Amazon are in favour and supports network neutrality. Vint Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol and some members of the U. S. Congress also support network neutrality . This group argues that the risk of censorship increases when network operators can selectively block or slow access to certain content. Others are concerned about the effect of slower transmission rates on their business models if users can’t download or access content in a speedy fashion.Telecommunications and cable companies are lar gely opposed to network neutrality and want to be able to charge differentiated prices based on the amount of bandwidth consumed by content being delivered over the Internet. Some companies report that 5 percent of their customers use about half the capacity on local lines without paying any more than low-usage customers. They state that metered pricing is â€Å"the fairest way† to finance necessary investments in its network infrastructure. Internet service providers point to the upsurge in piracy of copyrighted materials over the Internet as a reason to oppose network neutrality.Comcast reported that illegal file sharing of copyrighted material was consuming 50 percent of its network capacity. The company posits that if network transmission rates were slower for this type of content, users would be less likely to download or access it. Bob Kahn, another co-inventor of the Internet Protocol opposes network neutrality saying that it removes the incentive for network providers to innovate, provide new capabilities, and upgrade to new technology. 3. What would be the impact on individual users, businesses, and government if Internet providers switched to a tiered service model?It has been argued by proponents of net neutrality that a neutral Internet encourages everyone to innovate without permission from the phone and cable companies or other authorities. A more level playing field spawns countless new businesses. Allowing unrestricted information flow becomes essential to free markets and democracy as commerce and society increasingly move online. Heavy users of network bandwidth would pay higher prices without necessarily experiencing better service. Even those who use less bandwidth could run into the same situation.Network owners believe regulation like the bills proposed by net neutrality advocates will impede U. S. competitiveness by stifling innovation and hurt customers who will benefit from ‘discriminatory’ network practices. U. S. Internet service already lags behind other nations in overall speed, cost, and quality of service, adding credibility to the providers’ arguments. Obviously, by increasing the cost of heavy users of network bandwidth, telecommunication and cable companies and Internet service providers stand to increase their profit margins. 4. Are you in favor of legislation enforcing network neutrality?Why or why not? WHY Innovation and Creativity are the Heart of Net Neutrality The Internet has grown at a phenomenal pace since its beginnings in the early 1990's, and this growth is largely in part due to the protections and freedoms that net neutrality affords. Groundbreaking ideas and innovative products such as Google, eBay, YouTube, and torrents have gotten to where they are today because of net neutrality, and there are literally thousands of new start-ups, online stores, and simple ecommerce sites that start every day with the same chance to make it big. Net neutrality encourages creat ive expression.For example, a lecturer talking to weekend MBA students via podcast. Without net neutrality, this opportunity would be limited at best, and completely throttled at worst. Net Neutrality Provides a Competitive Marketplace Most people have access to only one, perhaps two ISPs (Internet Service Providers) in their local area. If net neutrality were to be revoked, these ISPs would have the authority to regulate Internet access, and since the consumer would most likely be unable to choose a different service provider, that access would be defined according to their discrimination. WHY NOTTiered Access Could Make For A Better Internet Net neutrality, if legislated would affect Internet Service providers who believe in the tiered access. That is paying for different levels of Internet service. This could pay for more sophisticated infrastructure, which would benefit all the users of that network. Their argument postulates that large companies could afford to pay higher fees for Internet access, which would in turn finance network improvements, which would eventually trickle down to the average Web user. Control Legislation would actually control commonplace safety practices and loopholes for unethical exploits.

Business Process for Intercontinental Conference help

Since the precedent era the intercontinental conference is being held for the decorum of Business Process Management for overcoming the issues of business alliance, and get through profitable outcomes through their official ventures. This platform has conquered an alleged overview through conducting eminence analysis of business prospective amendments, and tender crucial protestation to recommend proposal to rid off, over these concerns. Acknowledged through E.Soural in 2012 that, Business Process Management upholds numerous symposiums at global level, through configuring ideal dialogue of vital reviews, condiment banter along massively prominence business deities and considers over the issues through their prospective along pioneering recommendations for the formulation of the entire tactics and condemned sustainable elucidations for suitable outcome. The Business Process Management optimize symposium progression embracing the miscellany along opulence through Business Process Management meadow and dole out as exclusive opulent over connoisseurs figure describes the blend of obedience’s mending the sumptuous subjects to be the base of every speculation, sources like Managing System, Knowledge Management and Processor formulations are to be installed facing edge of the organization. Through nowadays worldwide endeavors require to admittance over salvage along amalgamate statistics all-round for the peripheral foundations. Along the competence to accomplish their aligned prospective, it is obligatory to trounce over enormous methodological obstacles mended the immense information configuration, construction of the structure and set off objectives for the procurement. Practically through the overview of assorted organization, there are some subdivisions mended for the possession along circulating the figures. Several of the organization have formulated by the comprehensive statistics across diverse peripheral foundations those are pertinent over the vicinity of conscientiousness. Administrating above prolong assorted milieu as onerous along pricey. Assortments of elucidation are penetrated intention for the business statistics analysis. The crucial is anticipated that the figures over elevated integrity, it is circulate through the communal corpses. Configuring the operation to formulate information unbolt is habitually obligatory through the provincial decrees. Usually the financial systems along the information accumulation procedures for unambiguous foundations are conducted through assorted prospective of communal populace. It analyzes significant segments among the financial system, often through the communal along constitutional progression. Through the summit if concluding the organization formulate subjective circulating of the federation. The consummate information of circulate provides information over: Through business amendments, a vital endowment of information over apiece realm configures the arithmetical bureau. Habitually there constitute over online coordination that grant admittance to statistics. It’s is proficient for immense monetary, tape realistic and societal researches. Conversely, this platform formulates allocation for several of information through databases. The respite of information provides accessibility through charts displayed over the web enlighten in the course of manuscripts that is anticipated for the viewer to comprehend those files, unfortunately it is barely palatable through systems. The Europe Business Process Management conference estimated in 2012 along the coalition Of twenty nations endeavoring to relocate the revolutionary analysis over latest merchandise and overhaul through the vicinity over BPM. The Europe Business Management conference upholds assorted nationalized inventiveness to evaluate Europe. Amended the ambition is to formulate concentration over pronouncement producers along securing the sustainment above massive business expenditure of Europe Business Process Management enterprises. The entire European Business Process Management canvassers and executors are deployed to unite along the vigor. Referred by Nurcan. S in 2012 that, Analogous concept is espoused by various provincial geometric workplaces. Maneuver the information through the paradigm of central agency of Poland that allocates its information in figure of Excel documentary. The cooperative method of accumulating information through Excel sheets, which is an uncomplicated platform divide into rows and columns, anticipated supreme charter to formulate information. The additional dilemma are mended over the pamphlet progression misrepresent significant details of information apart from the availability, Meta information is also not distributed, nor endow with texted information, individual decipherable explanations. It does not ensure potential usage of information. Through some comprehensive resolution the information is mended over XML documentaries. It habitually imitate sum, and somehow obtainable through the WEB server in individual comprehensible substitute along normal form of information. Whereas information is finely prearranged through diverse prospective, a normally it is not depicted through adequate aspects as to offer express accessibility through systematic utilization. An additional quandary along the concept is implemented normally, which do not pursue unbolt customaries appropriately. Along the instance of the XML information presented through P. State Depository is offered. Acquaintance of the idiom that is precondition as to condemns suitable utilization of information. The massively significant confronts along the information utilization procedure as credentials for pertinent database through online motive. The foremost investigation locomotives present minor maintenance to recognize the information basics along analysis contended for scrupulous significances over the provided compute is practically impracticable. However, yet during individual administers the categorize supplies, which is not undemanding for repossess information because that is not obtainable along configures effortlessly palatable through curriculums. Convention develop allocate layout, along be deficient of portrayal along deficiency of Meta information and connecting among diverse database thwarts interpretation across the information, which fractious over individual database. The symposium 2013 offer entire Business Process Management and Enterprise Architecture associate of Europe through solitary podium submission to ascertain the advantageous along BPM and EA lay simultaneously. The previous seminar conducted an immense sensation along the subordinate locality was eventually suitable, as considered by the delicates. Arrangement of application is at present been conventional over the symposium. Formulate intentions regarded: Contended by Glykas M.M in 2013, however several machineries over the perspective, which could facilitates the circumstance. Configure the substance through the instance of semantic machineries, which the espoused operands to formulate information depiction and analysis. It is analyzed primarily characterized through B. Lee, that the semantic browser is not a detach portal, hence it conservatory over the WEB through our knowledge. The solitary discrepancy, which corresponds, is figures are mended along the distinct connotation, alternatively that the processor has enormous prospects to reclaim the data through the harmony along individual objectives. The Business Process Management meeting in 2013, it notable that the upcoming cohort of Business Process Management condiment its virtues further than incremental competence, and contend to switch over to envision along research base analysis of optimization over Business maneuver. It productive work include: Through several farsighted dissertations B. Lee delineates various potentials. Individual tenure may sustained through mediators, that are operational along satisfactory background acquaintance, which can consult among apiece to provide our span effortless. To configure to this competence the information should be reachable to mechanisms for alternatively suitable development competent. Whereas several necessitates should be followed like immense physical exertion, which have to be carried out before any anticipation. Mentioned by U, Rahm in 2013 that, Configure the outcome of substandard development, preliminary of the about few years, the hallucination was reconsidered along the possibility of the semantic system were constrained through accurate demonstration of information. Amended through the hallucination of the semantic browser demonstrated for the aspirations, and the entire populace would be formulate to this medium of intermediary affirm connected information. It not configured through any officially interpreted documentary, but solitary sustain information. Based on the rdf format of attitudes along a extraordinarily effortless symbolized through 3 affirmatives: The connected information is deposit of customaries functional for circulating the prearranged information on single browser through rdf diagrams. This opinion pursues url’s the are obliged for through systematic profile are predestined over http, along url’s which configure entwined allots course-plotting. The connected unbolt information is connected statistics archetype functional over communal unbolt information through various realms at global level. At Oct 30, 2007 the constitution campaigners held a conference at Sebastopol at California to address that how the Constitution could be uplifted of the platform of e-stored Constitutional information for communal review. The efficient concepts of ten estimations are to be embrace to aperture over constitutional data. Along the doctrine are: Connected information is presently measured through clarification over preparation of statistics fissure. That composes it unproblematic to the constructors to switch over linked data system among diverse foundations. The minimalism for the demonstration and elucidation regarding the connotation offered to be striking. Withdrawal of uncomplicated actualities presents background for massive information system. Future linked to 2 important prospective: Interior perceptions could be definite as: Those are incarcerating elementary distinctiveness over the individual to milieu impartial along idiom impartial approach. Constantly the interior terminology address as the â€Å"foundational perception through scrupulous depiction idiom, corresponding as rdf along xml representation. The association’s pedestal over widespread terminology formulated through aspects like Dublin Core and another crate of Meta information measurement and representations eg: Elucidated by Janssen M. in 2012 that, Over peripheral treatment corporations massively utilize cryptographic links for their commotions. Moreover aspects of geological terminology, that is immensely province unambiguous. Appropriate implementation of monetary is not condiment to be potential devoid of orientation compilation for the associations and populace eg: The suitable compilation of terminology is accessible through connected unbolt terminologies situate. Declared by N M. Weske in 2012 that, Nowadays massive range of information is whole host of corresponding database. Concerting that there is no supplementary covenants along islets regarding to database, before denoted as information storage looms, the information is previously someway correlated. The occurrence was initially mended on May, 2007 as Connected Unbolt Information district. The structure of the initially known as cloud by R. Cyganiak along A. Jentzsch in attendance through the foremost foundation of the causatives information, the involvement of dramatists are connected over cloud figure contended as the register of accessible database and linkage among them. Through every annual overview, cloud platform is extending rapidly over the horizon. Configure by H. Kà ¼hn in 2013 that, the circumstance of ability relating to connected unbolt information system establishes it competence and accessible revolutionizes persistently. The amount of information portico is prosperous over the era. Concerting through abundant information formulation corresponding through various aspects: The documentary is mended along the overall information source of the Business Process Management (BPM) tactics and formulation of systematic operands to be followed through the business procedure corresponding to which amendments are made on these prospective according to the coloration of populace demands and worth eventual. Maintaining the entire foundation of the business venture along supreme management and proficient handling, ought’s be the confront of the business development. Paschou M. Sakkopoulos, E. Soural, 2012. Moblie Based Processes for Efficent Customer Flow Management. Halip T, Korgstie J, Nurcan S, 2012. Based Processes for Efficient Customer Management. Lampathaki F, V. Calcic, 2012. Translating Knowledge into Growth. Views from ICT Research to Support Future Business Innovation. Glykas M.M, 2013. Effort based performance measurement in business process management. Knowledge and Process Management. Kamarain F, Ayani R, Moradi F, 2012. A framework for simulation-based optimization of process models. Oliverira, C.A.L. Lima, 2013. Quantitative analysis of resource-constrained business process. Becker M, Klingner S, 2012. Towards Customer-Individual Configuration of Business Process Models, Kumar A, Yao W, 2012. Design and management of flexible process variants using templates and rules. Computer Industry 63. Muller R, Greiner U, Rahm, 2013. A workflow system supporting rule based workflow adaption. Data Knowledge Engineering 51. Bayer, H. Kà ¼hn, 2013."Prozessmanagement fà ¼r Experten - Impulse fà ¼r aktuelle und wiederkehrende Themen. H.Broninski, 2013."Human Interaction: The Missing Link in BPM (Part I)". Gong, Y. and Janssen, M, 2012. From policy implementation to business process management: Principles for creating flexibility and agility. Panagacos, 2012.The Ultimate Guide to Business Process Management: Everything You Need to Know and How to Apply It to Your Organization. Weske, 2012. "Business Process Management: Concepts, Languages, Architectures. M.Dumas, M. L. Rosa, J. Mendling, H. A. Reijers, 2013. "Fundamentals of Business Process Management. Mckinty and A. Mottier, 2016. "Designing Efficient BPM Applications - A Process-Based Guide for Beginners" Silver, 2012. BPMN Method and Style: With BPMN Implementer's Guide. Getting academic assistance from

Business Selection Discussion Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Selection Discussion Summary - Essay Example This is because that as people globally is becoming more and more aware of the camping and adventure sports they are interested in buying top of the shelf products. Also there is market need for highly professional provider of camping equipment. Toddlers is a designer baby clothing store that focuses on a wide range of products for newborns and infants and till the age of 3. The store will focus on selling clothes, furniture and cribs, strollers, car seats, diapers, bedding and everything related to a baby. The clothing line will include sleepwear, play-clothes, and the related accessories. The basic aim behind opening a baby clothing store is to give high-class fashion conscious parents a chic store/ boutique where they can get fashionable clothes and accessories for their babies. The theme of the store will portray a baby’s world that pampers every new born making it feel more special than he/she really is. The business idea is based on the following

Is Racism and anti-Semitism still a problem in the United States Essay

Is Racism and anti-Semitism still a problem in the United States - Essay Example The country has literally shed blood of innocent civilians to fight for few basic rights that are God-given. Racism and anti-Semitism are prevalent in American society due to enactment of affirmative action, ethnic profiling post September 11, and the vague existence of the KKK. Racism and anti-Semitism still exist in American society due to the fact that affirmative action legislatures were enacted to give minorities an opportunity for employment. Affirmative action, are set public policies that are specifically designed to help diminish racism and prejudice based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, is under attack(Morris, 2011, p. 25). After the blood shed and citizen after the civil war, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished slavery (Morris, 2011, p.30). In addition, the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law while the Fifteenth Amendment declines racial discrimination during elections. However one must wonder, even with all the legislations enacted, discrimination continues to be the focal point in society. Clearly, the 1866 Civil Rights Act guarantees every citizen "the same right to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens...† Thus, how is that African Americans and other minorities continue to struggle to find employment and are deterred from entering academic intuitions (Morris,2011, p.34)? Clearly, anti-affirmative action enables minorities to be embedded in the work and schools so society does not discriminate against them. Keeping everything in constant, the American society is designed in a way to protect White workers against job layoffs since majority of the executives in the American Society are dominated by male executives. Hence, racism becomes a â€Å"sparking fireball,† as many Americans feel as if they would be unemployed as minorities will continue to take their current posts. Evidently, the root cause of job displacement that W hite workers face with have to do with corporate decisions to downsize, and labor outsourcing internationally along with, computerization and automation. Downsizing. The small majority of minorities that do occupy an outstanding position often become key victims of hatred and discrimination. While substantial gains have been made to promote minorities, women and African America; the smaller groups continue to be harshly faced with discrimination and prejudice in the corporate world. Undoubtedly, the enactment of affirmative action legislature, companies confirms that racism and anti-Semitism are still prevalent in society. Another vital reason why racism and anti-Semitism no doubt continue to still exist in American society is due to the fact that ethnic profiling plagues society even in the modern 21st century. Prior to September 11, immigration laws were somewhat moderate as many immigrants from Asia and Middle East continue to migrate to America for jobs. As the World Trade Cente r fell, citizens of America were scared and horrified. Twenty-five days later, still reeling with shock, the government quickly took decisive action to make Osama Bin Laden, leader of Al-Qaeda to be responsible for the attacks. Bin Laden was part of an Islamic conservative group that believed in implying sharia. Thus, Muslims become the focal point of issue in society. After the September 11 attacks, many people became interested in Islam, yet the government discouraged the public from learning about different viewpoints (Friedman

Enhancing Occupational Health and Safety Term Paper - 1

Enhancing Occupational Health and Safety - Term Paper Example Occupational hazard and occupational diseases are the inevitable; they will be there in the present environment of work environment where corrosive chemicals, heat and many other factors are involved. The manufacturing unit is the worst hit where many people are losing their lives due to many accidents. However, it is very much important to reform the health related programs in the recent organizations as the expectations of the employees are changing with the changing working time and working environment. The financial relives are not the only effective factor for the satisfying job, in the recent time the leave structure, flexibility of work time, the health insurance packages and internal medical supports have become the great issues. The new generation of employees has new expectations from the employees and practically it is the responsibility of the employers to take care of the health of the fellow employees as far as they are working in the same company. This particular paper will focus on the recent scenario of the occupational hazards and with respect to that the safety measures will be discussed intensely. The concept of occupational health safety was evolved in the Europe in the early nineteenth century. The rapid reformation of the occupational health reformation was seen in the Europe and eventually the new trends of the safety measures were shifted to America from the Europe (Taylor, Easter & Hegney 2). The changing in the legislation has helped many poor women and children to stay out of the occupational accidents and occupational hazards. However, the occupational disasters and accidents have a great impact over the local publics too. The laws related to the occupational hazards and standard of safety must be strict enough to have great implications over the present work culture. A great organization has different degrees of satisfactions. According to many motivational

Career Opportunities for Business Students Essay

Career Opportunities for Business Students - Essay Example However, the paper does cover areas of interest for business students who have completed four years in college. Since the option of further studies by pursuing a graduate program is available to these students, this option is covered as well. The paper looks at the sources of information that are available online to provide guidance to students who want to know about the prospects after they graduate. Most of the jobs advertised for accountants and auditors require a minimum of a bachelor's degree in accounting. This is the case with almost all the accounting related jobs and hence one needs to have a degree in accounting if one wants to take up a job as an accountant or an auditor. Accountants and auditors are in great demand across the United States and the jobs pay well and have other benefits that include perks and allowances. Due to the ongoing economic crisis, there has been a drop in the number of jobs available in these fields. However, the silver lining is that accounting jobs for graduates of accounting courses have been increasing with the signs of recovery that are visible now. Further, accountants and auditors are needed even when the firm is slashing jobs in other departments. This is because of the fact that the financial statements and other methods of accounting need to be taken care of at all times. The statistics show that 21 % of all wage jobs were held by accountants and auditors. This figure represents the fact that these professions are much sought after. However, the rigorous nature of the course deters many students from pursuing courses in these subjects. Hence, the ones who persevere are rewarded for their hard work and diligence in completing the course. The typical employers for accountants and auditors range from the consulting firms to the governmental jobs. The category of employers is broad and the consulting firms pay the most, though, this has become a bone of contention because of the current economic crisis. The fact remains that any organization needs an accountant to look after the book keeping and associated financial function. Hence, there is a great demand for these jobs at all levels and in all companies. The accounting profession is an all weather employment profession. TRENDS The current trends in the accounting industry are an emphasis on self employment as well as demand for accountants who have knowledge of the various regulatory requirements that are being brought by the government. I will examine both of these trends separately. The latter trend has become more pronounced with the introduction of the Sarbanes Oxley act and the subsequent adoption of stricter accounting regulations. Further, the ongoing economic crisis is bound to result in greater oversight and regulation. The trend towards employing accountants who are familiar with the workings of the regulatory mechanisms is favorable for those students who have familiarized themselves with the various regulatory frameworks that have been introduced in the US. The other trend of self employed accountants is bound to grow with the economic crisis leading to a system where accountants are hired for the short term without permanent employment by the companies. The other noteworthy trend in the accounting prof

Balancing cooperation and competition. Strategic planning in the Assignment

Balancing cooperation and competition. Strategic planning in the public sector - Assignment Example Balancing cooperation and competition. Strategic planning in the public sector Today, organizations are focusing on how to survive amidst emerging challenges in their external environment. This has led to such organizations developing adaptability measures that facilitate their survival and success in the long run. In spite of this, organizations are forced to strike a fit between cooperation and competition, in the industry in which they operate in, as well as their own survival is to be sustained in the long run. This study explores how Microsoft has stricken a fit between cooperation and competition in its operations while at the same time collecting feedback to identify and support emergent behavior. In the past two decades, Microsoft has been faced by increasing level of competition in its software and web based solutions market. The organization understands that in the technology industry, cooperation is inevitable. For instance, the organization faced a lot of competition from SAP and Siemens. These two organizations went ahead and launched patent battles with Microsoft. While down playing their views and purely taking a legal and competitive approach could have granted Microsoft short term success, the organization opted to cooperate and collaborate with the rivals, resulting to a cross licensing arrangement. This significantly enhanced the ability of the organization to continue using such rights through cooperation while at the same time enhancing its competitiveness in the market. The experience boosted Microsoft’s ability to enhance cooperation in other areas of operation including marketing for mutual benefits. (Vidal, & Nossol, 2011). Microsoft has remained stead fast in promotion of cooperation with its customers. In 2006, the organization adopted a more collaborative approach in the industry, something that enhanced its access to unique technology from rivals while at the same time empowering them to establish more product lines that the organization was not focused on. One of the outstanding occurrences towards this end by Microsoft with competitor is the collaboration with Linux, a product developed by a competitor to the organizations Microsoft word among others. This increased interoperability of Linux with Microsoft word (Microsoft News Centre, 2008). This implies that Microsoft customers of windows could open Linux using such windows while Linux customers could enjoy Microsoft windows in opening of Linux documents. This resulted to mutual benefit between the two organizations and minimization of patent disagreements and legal battles between the firms. In the past two decades, Microsoft has relied on employee, customer and competitor feed back to enhance its success in the industry. By collecting feedback from its competitors such as Samsung and the Linux software developer company, the organization was able to identify emerging needs and opportunities that could be served through collaboration (Microsoft News Centre, 2008). The organization thus fostered a two way form of communication between such firms and the organization. In an effort to ensure that such viable environment positioning is sustained, the organization always focus at hiring the best employees in the industry in terms of skill and engages them in periodic appraisal (Tyler, & Blader, 2003). In situations where performance is found to be low, such employees are engaged in skills development. In fact, the organization has adopted a culture of continuous learning. All these moves have enhanced sustainability and success of the organization in its dynamic operating environment (Tjosvold, & Johnson, 2003). References Microsoft News Centre (2008). Mi crosoft’s collaboration imperative. Retrieved April 11, 2013 from http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/ofnote/04-01-08GutierezIAMArticle.mspx Tjosvold, D., & Johnson, D. (2003). Can interpersonal competition be Constructive within organizations? The Journal of Psychology 137(1), 63-84.

Oppression and Slavery Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The Effects of an Ineffective Safety Program Research Paper

The Effects of an Ineffective Safety Program - Research Paper Example Stranks (2010) explains that any organization should take responsibility of its actions. Whether a goods making or service industry, the operations of a business will affect the environment either positively or negatively. The negative effects are the most common due to awareness of labor laws and human rights by the employees. Safety programs cut across almost every type of business or organization be it teaching, service providing or nonprofit making organizations. Its consequences are felt due to the presence of people. A business which practice poor safety measures suffers a big blow in the long run. If the company has poor working conditions, it risks the effect of strikes, vandalism and go slows. Strikes and go slows hinders the organizations operations and profitability at the end of the day. A peaceful environment is easy and cheap to maintain as compared to the costs incurred to solve a dispute (Williams, 2014).The costs incurred to solve organizational disputes may be tremendous involving legal fees, fines and compensation which add up to the company’s cart of losses. The company’s ineffective safety precautions can also cause financial losses due to payment of damages to workers and law suits. Financial losses affect the stakeholders capital share which ruins the company’s net worth and reputation. The company can also be sued by the community if it practices unhygienic waste disposal mechanisms (Cambridge, 2010).The community can also seek an injunction from the court to terminate the existence of the company. These are some of the areas that the companies need to check to avoid sudden interruptions. Manufacturing organizations pose a significant chance of hazards to its employees as compared to service providing companies. This is due to the frequent usage of dangerous machines and equipments. Many manufacturing companies experience a lot of cases regarding partial or physical disability encountered during the line of duty. Under Labor

The Influence of Culture on Tuscan Families Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Culture on Tuscan Families Essay For many, the word Tuscany conjures up images of olive trees, vineyards, Chianti and remarkable works of art. It’s a romantic place with picture perfect landscapes and ancient churches and villages. Tourists from all over the world visit Tuscany each year to take in the sights, tastes and sounds of its glorious culture. Their visit is enhanced if they are familiar with the area’s colorful history, which reaches far into the past and continues throughout many, many cultural changes that make up its present. This essay employs political, religious, judicial and class stories from the region’s vivid history to help us form a picture of what family life in Tuscany may have been like from 1250 to 1500. It was, by all accounts, a great time to live in Tuscany. The region developed its own status after the Roman empire fell, when a series of rulers emerged to take control. By the twelfth century the Tuscan cities were gradually gaining their independence as republics and forcing the nobility to live in the cities (Van Helden 2). The land was fertile and the opportunity for various businesses was great. Most importantly, a class system developed that valued hard work over noble birth. Those high in the hierarchy lived within the same communities as the working class. The elite families that did control the power over the next few hundred years made decisions that would ultimately dictate everything from family tradition to fine art and literature. In the late Middle Ages, just around the fourteenth century, a simple political system was in place. In Italy, there was no political union, but the country was divided into many different town councils (www. greatdante. net, 2) As with many democratic societies of past and present, there were various political parties. Here in Italy, these were called the Guelfi and the Ghibellini. The Guelfi, a group held in favor of the Pope rather than the Emperor, held the majority of the power in the country. This party was especially popular in Florence, where it was separated into two subgroups: the whites (bianchi, in favor of the emperor) and the blacks (neri, in favor of the Pope). The years around 1300 were the ones in which political fights between whites and blacks became stronger and more dramatic (www. greatdante. net 4). At this time, Italy was not culturally or politically unified, which led to a variety of subcultures within Tuscany. There were many different Italian dialects to choose from. A family’s language might have been based on their geographic location, their religion and their political views. For the most part, this diversity did not lead to violence. Instead, it seemed to benefit the region. In addition to the renowned artwork of the time, some of the world’s best writers such as Dante, Petrarch, and Macchiavelli found inspiration in the conflicting viewpoints of the Tuscan communities. In a space of fifty years, during the lifetime of Dante, 1265-1321, Florence transformed itself from a political and economic backwaterscarcely keeping pace with its Tuscan neighborsto one of the richest and most influential places on the continent (Dameron 12). It was one of the world’s most prominent cities for two industries that were necessary for civilized societies: wool and banking. This was the beginning of the Florentine Renaissance that led to such legendary works by Michelangelo, Leonardo and Donatello, among others. We may be familiar with these names, but what about the cultural backdrop from which they prospered? What factors allowed them to flourish during this time period? Business people who were high in government made many decisions, but the Church was -2- also a major influence in the design of the times. In fact, religion, community and business often merged in the minds of Tuscans who placed emphasis in all three throughout their lives. As one author describes it: A busy grain market on a site where a church once stood, for instance, remained a sacred place where many gathered to sing and pray before a painted image of the Virgin Mary, as well as to conduct business. At the same time, religious communities contributed directly to the economic development of the diocese in the areas of food production, fiscal affairs, and urban development, while they also provided institutional leadership and spiritual guidance during a time of profound uncertainty (Dameron 75). Of course, diverse belief systems aren’t always the perfect utopia that history books make them out to be. There was some conflict throughout this age of historic prosperity. Many times community disputes over such things as property and status were settled in a court setting to help eliminate the use of violence. The court systems were relatively new to the Tuscan region in the twelfth century and procedures were quite experimental. Whereas early medieval placita had become largely formulaic by the tenth century, twelfth-century courts and arbitrations generated a variety of documents, including sworn testimony of witnesses, the claims and counter-claims of the litigants, and the judgment of the arbitrators (Radding 3). The documents that remain from some of these cases help paint a picture of what life was like inside courtroom and out. By studying these conflicts, we are able to gain a new vision for the strategies used by families and communities to assert and defend claims. Hearing their voices allows us -3- clues into their personalities, what was acceptable or offensive in that day and age. The documents sometimes provide enough direct speech to reveal how these often humble Tuscans saw the issues between them – the arguments offered by the opposing parties in support of their claims (Radding 4). While we must assume some of the holes in the story, one thing is for certain: the courtrooms of Tuscany were just as diverse as the beliefs of its people. The judicial process evolved over the years between 1250-1500. Private courts, which handled complex arbitrations between parties, spawned more efficient communal courts. Different cities in Tuscany had their own particular systems to handle disputes, as Radding summarizes here: Pisa, a neighbour and traditional rival of Lucca, was quicker to develop urban institutions (starting in the 1080s) and to adopt Roman law, which appears rather suddenly in 1159. Florence was smaller than either Lucca or Pisa in the twelfth century and its institutions were less developed, leaving disputes in the contado largely outside the control of the citys courts. Ecclesiastical institutions, finally, had the option of recourse to church courts, including the papal courts, even for cases whose legal substance was no different from those that secular courts routinely dealt with (8). Despite these distinctive variations, a series of uniformities grew to help define the character of the culture and the communities. Documents could be used a proof, but in societies where land was not surveyed or registered and social relations often were undocumented, public behaviors could be almost as important (Radding 10). Perhaps one -4- reason Tuscany prospered in the medieval times was because they had a civilized process in place to work out their disputes. Sometimes these conflicts were simpler than others; the reasoning by which a solution was reached was often much different than how we resolve conflict today. Such is the case of a boundary dispute with neighboring landowners Passavante di Sesto and Chianne di Ghiandoro. It mattered a great deal whether Passavante’s wife had cut down a certain tree secretly or openly: â€Å"Open, i. e. , public, direct action was a claim to rights; people could see you doing it, and would conclude that, if you were not challenged, you had right on your side. ’(Wickham 83) This example provides evidence that simple claims were considered, even if the reasoning was a bit skewed by today’s standards. The study of Tuscan judicial development is an important point in the exploration of family life, especially considering the marriage rituals. Due to the fact that religion and government played an important role in the culture, both of these components were represented in the marriage process. According to one author, weddings of the Italian Renaissance were different than those found in the rest of Western Europe (Thomas 4). This historian draws from her knowledge of fourteenth century Florence to describe each step of the tradition. If a Tuscan couple wanted to get married, they would first present the idea to both of their families. The first phase was the meeting of the men of both families to draw up the marriage contract (Thomas 5). At this meeting, members of the judicial system, guarantors and arbiters, would be present to help negotiate the dowry and other financial agreements. To make it official in the eyes of the law, a notary was on hand to write up -5- the final contract. The second place took place in the bride’s home, where the bride and groom and their relatives were present, along with a notary (Thomas 6). This is the point where the Church enters the picture. The notary’s job was to ask questions that had been dictated by the Church in order to receive the couple’s statement of mutual consent. Once the couple agreed to the stipulations of the Church, the man placed a ring on the woman’s finger and they were considered husband and wife. It is also worth noting that in Italy at this time the act of marrying was referred to as ‘giving someone the ring’ (Thomas 7). The bride’s family celebrated with a substantial banquet for all. Typically, the final phase of the ceremony concluded at the end of the ring day, when the bride joined her new husband at his home. Escorted by her husband’s friends and family, the bride rode a white palfrey through town to her new home, the way lit by torchlight. In Rome, the spouses met Sunday at church, where they attended Mass and received a blessing from the priest. In Florence, however, the entire ceremony remained secular (Thomas 8). This entire practice eventually succumbed to more pressure from the Church, which required the mutual consent phase to happen within its doors, similar to the way we conduct our traditional marriages today. The marriage ceremony was very much the same throughout all class systems of medieval Tuscany. Of course, the level of pomp and circumstance was the main distinguishing factor between them, but not much else. Social intercourse in its highest and most perfect form now ignored all distinctions of caste, and was based simply on the existence of an educated class as we now understand the word (Burckhardt 2). Due to a -6- flattened hierarchal structure, the birth and origin of a person did not influence their standing in society, with some exceptions. Members of truly elite families who inherited wealth and leisure through generations generally held decision making positions of power. These people worked in judicial systems, law or medicine but were just as respected as those who worked the fields. This was one of those rare times in history when classes were fused. It was a direct result of the dynamic built within city walls, where the nobles and burghlers dwelt together. Here, the interests and pleasures of both classes were thus identified and the feudal lord learned to look at society from another point of view than that of his mountain castle (Burckhardt 4). Families benefited from this in many ways, sons and daughters could marry into a more wealthy family without much disagreement or societal stigmas associated with it. Parents were optimistic for their children, since there were more options than ever to move up and around within the system. This approach differed from the rest of Europe, where English and French chivalry reigned supreme. Those who were knights and valiant warriors were placed on a pedestal and more valued than others, earning higher titles and more land with each adventure. To the Tuscans, the cultivation of the soil, as practiced by the ancients, would be much nobler than this senseless wandering through hills and woods, by which men make themselves like to the brutes than to the reasonable creatures (Burckhardt 8). These Italians respected hard work, family and community consciousness much more so than travel exploits and conquering. According to one early historian: And, as time went on, the greater the influence of humanism on the Italian mind, -7- the firmer and more widespread became the conviction that birth decides nothing as to the goodness or badness of a man. In the fifteenth century, this was the prevailing opinion. There is no other nobility than that of personal merit. The cultivation of the soil, as practiced by the ancients, would be much nobler than this senseless wandering through hills and woods, by which men make themselves like to the brutes than to the reasonable creatures (Burckhardt 12). This way of thinking was quite popular during the time of Dante, who addressed the culture in context with a more traditional hierarchy in some of his writings. Dante, for example, derives from Aristotle’s definition, ‘Nobility rests on excellence and inherited wealth,’ his own saying, ‘Nobility rests on personal excellence or on that of forefathers’ (Burckhardt 12). Even the rich families who prided themselves on wealth did not receive any special treatment in matters of law or politics due to such a strong cultural structure. The Church, in more traditional societies of the time was used as a means to provide for the younger sons of noble families. This was not the case in Tuscany. Bishoprics, abbacies and canonries were often given from the most unworthy motives, but still not according to the pedigrees of the applicants. If the bishops in Italy were more numerous, poorer, and, as a rule, destitute of all sovereign rights, they still lived in the cities where their cathedrals stood and formed, together with their chapters, an important element in the cultivated society of the place (Burckhardt 12). In the meantime, the government supported the humanistic movement. One leader, Cosimo, who lived during 1389-1464, ruled the city of Florence and spent much of his fortune on charitable acts. He fostered a climate of simple living while cultivating -8- literature and the arts. During his rule and that of his sons and grandson, Florence became the cultural center of Europe and the cradle of the new Humanism (galileo. rice. edu 3). This elite family enjoyed the support of the masses, who, for the most part, followed this example to work hard and become educated. But the Tuscan people did more than work. They enjoyed many entertainment options that served as welcome distractions from business and intellectual life. Lorenzo de Medici, Cosimos grandson who was known as The Magnificent, influenced the types of entertainment held and often sponsored the activities. Mystery plays, based on the theme of the Passion (the sufferings of Jesus), were regularly staged for the enjoyment and edification of the citizens (www. learner. org 5). Festivals also served as a way to bring communities together, in addition to celebrating religious holidays. Families brought children young and old to celebrate the feast day of Saint John, Florence’s patron saint. Horse races were held throughout the city and magnificent festivals were especially common in the late fifteenth century (www. learner. org 6). This allowed the populace to convene and relax in a fun setting. Contrary to much of the rest of the civilized world, some of Tuscany’s Church leaders applauded these efforts. The culture was very much steeped in a strong spiritual movement that veered from the traditional way of Christian thinking. A preacher named Savonarola helped to establish its roots among city citizens. His thinking ultimately spread beyond Florence and throughout Tuscan households to change the thinking of many. The idea was simplicity within a time of prosperity. Savonarola was concerned about what he considered abuses by the church and -9- about peoples excessive interest in material goods. He preached against the accumulation of worldly possessions and called for a bonfire of the vanities in which people were to burn immoral paintings, cosmetics, and such entertainment-related items as musical instruments and playing cards (www. learner. org 9). Although his philosophies found many avid listeners in Tuscany’s humanist culture, the Church ultimately condemned him for blasphemy against their beliefs. The Church, after all, was one of the most wealthy establishments in the country. Of course, all good things must come to an end. The Aragonese government, established by the middle of the fifteenth century, started in Naples what followed a hundred years later in the rest of Italy – a social transformation in obedience to Spanish ideas, of which the chief features were the contempt for work and the passion for titles (Burckhardt 15). The caste-focused culture made its way through even the smallest towns by 1500 and what was once considered noble work was quickly sacrificed as Tuscans made a mad dash to find higher places in society within categories such as law, medicine, officer or knight. It is no wonder that the splendor and richness of the area declined steadily after a caste-system was put into place. Families were now forced to live a life that they were born into. Lower class parents would grow their families as large as possible for the main purpose sustaining their own household economy with parents employing children as sharecroppers to increase yield. Some Marxist analyses assume that sharecropping is a form of surplus labor extraction based on increasing labor intensity, because of inherent tendencies of households to exploit the unpaid labor of its family members (Emigh 22). -10- In this way, parents were able to feed their children and participate in the local economy. The slow transition into a capitalist society affected families in different ways. The families who already had wealth in their bloodlines were typically more successful than others. This still required a fair amount of enterprising creativity, but richer and larger families had a better chance to benefit from the system. Once Florentines entered local markets, however, they completely dominated them, because Florentines were much wealthier than local inhabitants and could generally outbid them. Florentines bought land from local inhabitants, who generally still sold land for the same reasons but were rarely able to purchase land (Emigh 17). As a result, local market structures, which might have been successful if they were able to compete locally, were largely eliminated. A problematic economy meant many changes for households. A family who might have owned land for generations was suddenly forced to sell the land in marriage dowries that they couldn’t afford make with cash. Partible inheritance, dowries, and local markets were mutually reinforcing. These practices divided the land into relatively small pieces, which were frequently bought and sold to adjust for the size of a family, to recombine pieces of land split apart by inheritance, to dispose of land at inconvenient locations, and to pay off debts (Emigh 35). The land that was once owned by many was beginning to be bought up by an elite few. Poverty became more rampant and, with it, the decline of education and culture. The change in economy was due to a number of various variables. The onset of the â€Å"Black Death† in 1348 contributed to the reduction of labor supply and increased the need for human capital. A new social norm, that came to prevail in the marriage market -11- with the demise of the feudal system, both contributed to the increase in urban dowries from the 13th to the 15th centuries. In his famous Divina Commedia, the poet Dante Alighieri was the first to suggest that dowry values were increasing in Florence at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century (Botticini 1). By the mid-1430s, the average dowry in the city was 820 lire – eight times its value in the thirteenth century. At the same time, the rural dowry stayed constant, perhaps as a result of less class influence. Rural communes, as they were known, were slow to follow trends of the city, and by the fifteenth century they were still enjoying some benefits of a flattened hierarchal society. Village living was still diverse and citizens depended on cooperative relationships between people to prosper, rather than clear-cut social levels. Families lived the simple life that Savonarola preached, not only because it strengthened their communities, but it also was a natural way of life. It’s interesting to note that, although there were more communes in Tuscany than urban cities, there has been little research done to analyze how these families were affected by urban changes. With the help of a humanistic culture and a flattened hierarchal structure, Tuscan families of all class levels flourished. It was a remarkable time for prosperity. The children of this era had numerous opportunities to flourish in a diverse culture that encouraged creativity in all forms of life, especially the arts. The judicial system worked hand in hand with the church to preserve a society that valued hard work and community over greed and power. Once the latter two elements entered the picture, however, lower class households adapted to form self-supporting farms in order to survive the introduction of capitalism. -12- WORKS CITED Botticini, Maristella. â€Å"Social Norms, Demographic Shocks, and Dowries in Florence, 1250-1450. † Society for Economic Dynamics Meeting Papers. (2004): 1. Burckhardt, Jacob. â€Å"The civilization of the Renaissance in Italy: Part 5, Society and festivals. † Athenaeum Reading Room web site. 7 Mar. 2005. http://evans-experientialism. freewebspace. com/burckhardt07. htm Dameron, George. Florence and Its Church In The Age of Dante: Middle Ages Series. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. â€Å"Dante Alighieri on the Web. † Dante Alighieri web site. 7 Mar. 2005 http://greatdante. net Emigh, Rebecca Jean. â€Å"Economic interests and sectoral relations: the undevelopment of capitalism in fifteenth-century Tuscany. † The American Journal of Sociology 108 (March 2003): 1075. Radding, Charles. â€Å"Review: Courts and Conflict in Twelfth-Century Tuscany. † Rev. of Courts and Conflict in Twelfth-Century Tuscany, by Chris Wickham. Institute of Historical Research web site. 7 Mar. 2005. http://www. history. ac. uk/reviews/paper/raddingC. html -13- â€Å"Renaissance: What inspired this age of balance and order? † Learner web site. 7 Mar. 2005. http://www. learner. org/exhibits/renaissance/florence_sub. html â€Å"The Medici Family. † The Galileo Project web site. 7. Mar. 2005. http://galileo. rice. edu/gal/medici. html Thomas, Kirsti. â€Å"Medieval and Renaissance Marrage: Theory and Customs. † Author web site. 7 March, 2005. http://www. drizzle. com/~celyn/mrwp/mrwed. html Van Helden, Albert. â€Å"Florence and Tuscany. † Connexions web site. 7 Mar. 2005 http://cnx. rice. edu/content/m11936/latest/ Wickham, Chris. Courts and Conflict in Twelfth-Century Tuscany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003: 83. -14-

Two Separate Levels of Governance at a Teaching Hospital Essay Example for Free

Two Separate Levels of Governance at a Teaching Hospital Essay Dr. Darrick Kent (2007) is an assistant professor of family medicine, director of curriculum and head of medical information systems at a teaching hospital with a popular residency training program.   The hospital has two hundred and seventy beds with faculty and residents making approximately five hundred and sixty bedside patient visits every week.   According to Dr. Kent, the organizational size of his hospital – with approximately two hundred and ten people working on different shifts during each month – is substantial enough for him to try out new methods of governance as in charge of the medical information systems.    In other words, he would like to ease the governance of the facility by all means with the use of latest technology. As an example, Dr. Kent has introduced the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) to all members of the faculty as well as residents at the hospital.   According to him, it was necessary to introduce the PDA to the residents and faculty members across the facility.   He knew that his â€Å"colleagues† would benefit from the PDA that makes it easier for everybody to communicate across the facility, and is also loaded with trusted references (Kent).   Because of his decision, the facility is currently using its annual budget for electronic medical references from Skyscrape Inc.   These references are the same as the actual books written by some of the world’s best medical authors and sold by top medical publishers (Kent).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout his day at the teaching hospital, Dr. Kent is approached by his colleagues with a variety of questions, not only about medical information systems but also about the medical practice in general.   Especially in times of emergency, Dr. Kent is considered a ready reference for information about drugs as well as diseases.   Despite the PDA in everybody’s palm, Dr. Kent is considered by his colleagues as a superior authority on medical information â€Å"because of the nervousness felt by the new doctors and nurses† at the facility (Kent).   Still excited about the PDA, which was introduced at the facility in 2005, he explained this part of his job with an example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other day I was presented with a case of myocardial infarction by way of calls received from the emergency room physicians in order to review a patient.   With my PDA in hand, I did not have to go to my office and open up the Griffith’s 5-Minute Clinical Consultant before checking its index.   Instead, I simply typed ‘MYO’ on my PDA and got all the information required to send back to the emergency room physicians in the matter of moments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  At present, Dr. Kent is seriously considering the introduction of nursing informatics at the facility.   According to him, nursing is a scientific discipline with a focus on information or knowledge.   Hence, nursing informatics, too, is focused on the easy access of crucial information to nurses.   Indeed, nursing informatics has the power to embrace all pieces of information that a nurse would require at any time. Whether it is patient data or information about medicines that is required by a nurse at any given time, the help that information technology can provide in accessing required information cannot be discounted.   With Dr. Kent’s decision to install appropriate nursing informatics at the facility, nurses would no longer have to flip through â€Å"book after book† to find needed information at a time of emergency (Kent).   No longer would they have to go searching for doctors either (Kent).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also according to Dr. Kent, everybody is considered a colleague at his facility.   Even the nurses are nowadays enjoying the concept of â€Å"shared governance† in practice (Kent).   Linda Chavez (2007), an acute care nurse at the same facility confirmed Dr. Kent’s report on shared governance for the nurses.   She has worked with the teaching hospital for thirteen years.   Now a teaching nurse (for acute care) at the healthcare facility, Ms. Chavez is thrilled about Dr. Kent’s decision to install nursing informatics which would make her job much easier. She has little part to play in this decision of Dr. Kent or other senior members of the hospital.   Still, she has recently joined a council group at the hospital with nurses and other members of the facility making joint decisions that usually have a dramatic impact on the quality of patient care.   The council group has already been consulted about the introduction of nursing informatics at the facility.   However, â€Å"the final decision rests with Dr. Kent,† Ms. Chavez explained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The council group considers all of its members as equals.   Nevertheless, the seniority of the directors of the facility remains unperturbed.   Moreover, everybody at the facility is not invited to become a member of the group.   â€Å"The final decision about the group members rests on the directors of the facility, and they are allowed to remove anybody from the group at whatever time they will† (Chavez).    The council group that Ms. Chavez joined in late 2006 is responsible for evaluating the status quo, besides recommending changes that the members deem necessary.   Nevertheless, she emphasized that her role in governance is strictly restricted to â€Å"recommendations† (Chavez).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ms. Chavez is grateful that nurses may now join the council group upon invitation at the facility.   The concept was first introduced at the hospital in the year 2005.   Ms. Chavez explained the importance of nurses joining the council group thus:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Back in 2005, some of the nurses in the council group complained about Coumadin, a blood thinner that many of the patients at the facility were administered.   Seeing that changes in blood consistency often put patients at risk of fatal bleeding or clotting, and we had no procedure in place for determining how regularly patients should return to get their blood tested; this issue raised by nurses was an extremely important one.   So, the council decided to Two Separate Levels of Governance at a Teaching Hospital  address it once and for all.   There was extensive research conducted, after which the hospital  issued new guidelines based on the findings of other council members. For Ms. Chavez and the other nurses that are currently a part of the council group, it is invigorating to join hands with the physicians in implementing important changes across the facility.   Even so, directors such as Dr. Kent have â€Å"the upper hand† (Chavez).   Also according to Ms. Chavez, nurses have always taken their limited role in the governance of a healthcare facility for granted. Although the council group is â€Å"a breath of fresh air,† most of the nurses at the facility are not allowed to join it yet (Chavez).   Because the facility where Dr. Kent and Ms. Chavez work â€Å"would always be a teaching hospital,† the directors are considered authority figures and physicians rarely are (Chavez).   All the same, both interviewees remain generally satisfied with their particular levels of governance (Chavez Kent). References Chavez, L. (2007). Personal Interview. Kent, D. (2007). Personal Interview.

The Concept Of Charity In Islam Religion Essay

The Concept Of Charity In Islam Religion Essay The paper which I am going to right is about Islamic concept of charity. The concept is not new for so many people because every religion of the world preached that charity is a way of bringing justice to society. But here I would like to explain different forms of charity in Islam, their differences and its impact on society. Charity is for those in need. This is general principle which enjoins us to help people in need, be they good or bad, on the right path or not, Muslims or non-Muslims. No one should judge in these matters. The foremost ends in charity should be Gods pleasure and our own spiritual good. The concept of charity in Islam is thus linked with justice. It is not limited to the redressed of grievances. It implies apart from the removal of handicaps, the recognition of the right that every human being has to attain the fullness of life.   The definition of charity in Islamic tradition differs somewhat from its interpretation in other contexts. The Quran states: And be steadfast in your prayer and pay charity; whatever good you send forth for your future, you shall find it with Allah, for Allah is well aware of what you do . Charity is central to a Muslims life. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said No wealth (of a servant of Allah) is decreased because of charity. There are misconceptions by some people regarding Islamic concept of Charity. They think that Islam is taking Charity by force in the name of Zakat. But this is not reality. Islam does not force anyone to give charity. This is third pillar of Islam and its reward will be given in after world. The following five words are the most frequently used words to describe charity in the Noble Quran: 1. Infaq fi Sabil Allah (spending in the path of Allah).    Infaq Meaning spending benevolently 2. Ihsan Meaning the doing of good or (kindness and consideration) 3. Zakah  Ã‚   Meaning growth or purification 4. Sadaqah Derived from the root sidq and meaning truth, and comes to signify charitable deed 5. Khayrat Meaning good deeds Here two basic concepts will be explained that is Zakat and Sadaqah where Zakat is obligatory charity and Sadaqah is voluntarily Charity. DEFINITION AND IMPLICATION OF ZAKAT (ALMS GIVING) Zakat, is derived from the verb zaka, (which means to thrive, to be wholesome,[to be pure) and signifies purification. The Noble Quran referring to the purification of wealth states: Of their wealth take alms to purify and sanctify them ZakÄ t or alms giving, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, is the giving of a small percentage of ones possessions (surplus wealth) to charity, generally to the poor and needy. It is often compared to the system of tithing and alms, but it serves principally as the welfare contribution to poor and deprived Muslims, although others may have a rightful share. It is the duty of an Islamic community not just to collect zakat but to distribute it fairly as well. Zakat is a multi facial concept. In one form it is an act of worship while in other form it is the carrying out of social service. It is thus not just the payment of a tax as it is generally understood but is rather an act of religious significance. Muslims fulfil this religious obligation by giving a fixed percentage of their surplus wealth. Zakat has been paired with such a high sense of righteousness that it is often placed on the same level of importance as offering Salat. Muslims see this process also as a way of purifying themselves from their greed and selfishness and also safeguarding future business. In addition, Zakat purifies the person who receives it because it saves him from the humiliation of begging and prevents him from envying the rich. Its importance and centrality to Islam results in the punishment for not paying when able are very severe. Muslim jurists agree that zakat is obligatory on the Muslim who has reached puberty, who is sane, who is free, and who owns the minimum assigned nisab throughout Islamic history; denying Zakat equals denying the Islamic faith. However, Muslim jurists differ on the details of zakat, which may include rate, the exemptions, and the kinds of wealth that are zakatable. Zakatable refers to assets subject to zakat according to Islamic examples and directives. Some scholars consider the wealth of children and insane individuals zakatable. Some scholars consider all agricultural products zakatable; others restrict zakat to specific kinds only. Some consider debts zakatable. Similar differences exist for business assets and womens jewellery. Some require certain minimum nisab for zakatability. THE PAYMENT OF ZAKAT Zakat is obligatory on every sane adult Muslim who is malik al-nisab, i.e., who possesses wealth equivalent to the monetary value of 20 Dinar of gold or 200 Dirham of silver. In the case of Muslims below the age of puberty and those Muslims who are insane, Zakat is obligatory on their wealth and their guardians are entrusted to pay it on their behalf. The law stipulates that once a year (after the completion of one lunar year) Zakat must be calculated and 2.5% is to be deducted from a malik al-nisabs wealth (cash, savings, investments, gold and silver) and donated as Zakat. ZAKAT AS AN ACT OF WORSHIP Zakat is in spirit an act of worship and in its external form the discharging of a social service. It is, therefore, not a levy or a tax, but is rather an act of worship. That is why the Noble Quran often mentions the observance of Salah alongside the giving of Zakat: ÙˆÙÅ ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ØلؠµÃƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ ÙˆÙÅ ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Øلؠ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ ÙˆÙÅ ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœ Ø ªÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ لؠ£Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Ø ®Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚  Ø ªÃƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚  Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ ØللّÙ†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚  Ø ¥Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ ØللّÙ†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœ Ø ªÃƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ And be steadfast in your prayer and pay charity; whatever good you send forth for your future, you shall find it with Allah, for Allah is well aware of what you do Moreover, the Noble Quran emphasizes the importance of Zakat as follows: By no means shall you attain righteousness, unless you give of that which you love RECIPIENTS OF ZAKAT Allah (S.W.T) has mentioned paying of Zakat on multiple occasions like. Zakat is for the poor and the needy and those who are employed to administer and collect it, and for those whose hearts are to be won over, and for the freeing of human beings from bondage, and for those who are overburdened with debts and for every struggle in Gods cause, and for the wayfarers: this is a duty ordained by God, and God is the All-Knowing, the Wise. According to the Noble Quran, the lawful recipients of Zakat must be Muslims who belong to either one or more of the eight categories: (1) The poor (2) The needy (3) Those whose hearts are to be reconciled (4) Securing the freedom of those who are captives (5) Those that are genuinely in debt (6) Muslim employees (7) Those who engage in the cause of Allah I (8) The wayfarers DEFINITION OF SADAQAH The word Sadaqah is derived from the Arabic root verb sadaqah which means to be truthful and hence Sadaqah implies engaging in any righteous act in order to earn the mardat (pleasure) of Allah. SOME RULES PERTAINING TO SADAQAH There are three basic rules involved for Sadaqah to be divinely rewarded. Firstly, it must be donated in the name of Allah alone. Secondly, all monies donated must be from a legitimate source. Money that has been stolen or earned unethically is rendered void by Allah . Thirdly, all excess wealth is seen being owned by Allah and Muslims hold the wealth as trustees. Therefore, it is left up to individual Muslims to determine as to how much they are willing to give back to Him in the form of charity. SOME MITIGATING CONSEQUENCES OF SADAQAH According to the teachings of Islam, the giving of Sadaqah serves a number of functions. First and foremost is the expiation of sins. The believers are asked to give Sadaqah immediately following any divine transgression. It also serves to compensate for any shortcoming in any past payment of Zakah. Moreover, it also gives protection against falling victim to calamities. Furthermore, it wards off affliction in this world, and punishment on Day of Judgment. It is therefore recommended to give Sadaqah, irrespective whether it is at night or during the day, in secret or in public in order to seek God Almightys pleasure (Al-Baqarah, 2:274). Finally, it is generally believed that the constant giving of a little charity pleases God Almighty more than the occasional giving of much charity. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ZAKAT AND SADAQAH It is important to differentiate between Zakat and Sadaqah. Zakat is the obligatory annual almsgiving which is determined on the basis of the value of ones wealth. Sadaqah on the other hand is superogatory charity, given by Muslims over and above their Zakat contribution. Moreover, every Muslim irrespective of his/her financial status can in actual fact participate in Sadaqah in view of the fact that Sadaqah is not necessarily restricted to monetary contributions, but can also be given in kind as specified in the Noble Quran, for example, feeding the poor (69:34; 90:11-16; 107:1-3), extending any form of support to the orphans (17:34; 76:8; 89:17; 90:15; 93:9, 107:2) and widows, advising or counselling, and volunteering ones services in the community. CONCLUSION Thus charity, on a generic level, plays a major role in Muslim society. One of the key purposes of the religion is grounded in a sense of community, which is fostered by charity. The Noble Quran reassures those who engage in voluntary charity would be amply rewarded: Those who believe, and do deeds of righteousness, and establish regular prayers and regular charity, will have their reward with their Lord: On them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. From the Islamic point of view, wealth belongs to God and is held by human beings in trust; so for those whom Allah has blessed with wealth, it is a test; and Muslims should strive to pass this test by not becoming worshipers of hoarded wealth. They should rather use the wealth only in ways God has permitted and realize that the amount to be given is not really their money but, rather, it belongs to those who have less than they do. Islamic charity is one of those unique forms of worship that bring out both the individual and the social aspects of ibada worship. Consider its sociopolitical effects: it frees society from the ill feelings arising out of class hatred. It opposes an individualism that is blind to the travails of ones neighbors and stands against a socialism that shackles individual freedom. It fosters neither selfishness nor renunciation. It also strengthens a sense of brotherhood and establishes social cohesion. Islamic charity represents the unbreakable bond between members of the community, whom Prophet Mohammed described as like the organs of the body, if one suffers then all others rally in response. We are fortunate to have sufficient means to live a quality life, but there are millions of people who are less fortunate than ourselves. Many millions of children, women and men live in abject poverty. Things that we take for granted-regular meals, housing, education and healthcare-are considered luxuries in some of the worlds poorest countries. It is our duty to help them-because helping the poor and destitute is emphasized again and again in the Quran and in the other Holy Scripts and traditions. By working together we can help make a real difference and bring about positive change to many peoples lives. The rewards for being charitable are also manifold: charity purifies our wealth and God has promised us a great reward for being charitable towards our fellow human beings.